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(prevent from increasing)

  • 1 keep

    keep [ki:p]
    garder ⇒ 1A (a)-(c), 1B (e), 1D (d) mettre ⇒ 1A (c) retenir ⇒ 1B (d) avoir ⇒ 1C (b) tenir ⇒ 1C (c) vendre ⇒ 1C (d) élever ⇒ 1C (e) observer ⇒ 1D (b) maintenir ⇒ 1D (c) continuer ⇒ 2 (a) rester ⇒ 2 (b) se tenir ⇒ 2 (b) se conserver ⇒ 2 (c) aller ⇒ 2 (d)
    (pt & pp kept [kept])
    A.
    (a) (retain → receipt, change) garder;
    ∎ you can keep the book I lent you vous pouvez garder le livre que je vous ai prêté;
    ∎ she's kept her English accent elle a gardé son accent anglais;
    ∎ please keep your seats veuillez rester assis;
    ∎ he's never kept a job for more than a year il n'a jamais gardé ou conservé le même emploi plus d'un an;
    ∎ to keep a secret garder un secret;
    ∎ to keep one's temper/composure garder son calme/son sang-froid;
    ∎ to keep one's figure garder la ligne;
    ∎ to keep its shape/colour (garment) conserver sa forme/couleur;
    ∎ to keep sth to oneself garder qch pour soi;
    ∎ they kept the discovery to themselves ils ont gardé la découverte pour eux;
    ∎ keep it to yourself! garde ça pour toi!;
    ∎ you can keep your snide remarks to yourself! tu peux garder tes remarques déplaisantes pour toi!;
    ∎ keep your hands to yourself! bas les mains!;
    ∎ to keep oneself to oneself rester dans son coin;
    ∎ they keep themselves very much to themselves ils ne se mêlent pas du tout aux autres;
    ∎ familiar if that's your idea of a holiday, you can keep it! si c'est ça ton idée des vacances, tu peux te la garder!;
    ∎ familiar tell him he can keep his rotten job! dis-lui qu'il peut se le garder, son sale boulot!
    (b) (save) garder;
    ∎ to keep sth for sb garder qch pour qn;
    ∎ we've kept some cake for you on t'a gardé du gâteau;
    ∎ can you keep my seat? pouvez-vous (me) garder ma place?;
    ∎ we'll keep the tickets for you until Wednesday nous vous garderons les tickets jusqu'à mercredi;
    ∎ I'm keeping this cigar for later je garde ce cigare pour plus tard
    (c) (store, put) mettre, garder;
    ∎ she keeps her money in the bank elle met son argent à la banque;
    ∎ I keep my comb in my pocket je mets toujours mon peigne dans ma poche;
    ∎ how long can you keep fish in the freezer? combien de temps peut-on garder ou conserver du poisson au congélateur?;
    ∎ where do you keep the playing cards? où est-ce que vous rangez les cartes à jouer?;
    ∎ I've got nowhere to keep my books je n'ai nulle part où mettre mes livres;
    ∎ keep out of the reach of children (on medicine, harmful products) ne pas laisser à la portée des enfants
    B.
    (a) (with adj complement) (maintain in the specified state) to keep sth clean/secret tenir qch propre/secret;
    ∎ to keep sb quiet faire tenir qn tranquille;
    ∎ to keep oneself warm (by staying in the warmth) se tenir au chaud; (by dressing warmly) s'habiller chaudement;
    ∎ to keep sth warm garder qch au chaud;
    ∎ the noise kept me awake le bruit m'a empêché de dormir, le bruit m'a tenu éveillé;
    ∎ to keep the door open/shut garder ou laisser la porte ouverte/fermée;
    ∎ the doors are kept locked les portes sont toujours fermées à clef;
    ∎ to keep sth up to date tenir qch à jour
    (b) (with adv complement) (maintain in the specified manner or place) a well-kept/badly kept office un bureau bien/mal tenu;
    ∎ the weather kept us indoors le temps nous a empêchés de sortir;
    ∎ troops were kept on the alert les soldats ont été maintenus en état d'alerte;
    ∎ he kept his hands in his pockets il a gardé les mains dans les poches;
    ∎ keep your eyes on the red dot ne quittez pas le point rouge des yeux;
    ∎ keep the noise to a minimum essayez de ne pas faire trop de bruit
    (c) (with present participle) to keep sb waiting faire attendre qn;
    ∎ keep the engine running n'arrêtez pas le moteur;
    ∎ we kept the fire burning all night nous avons laissé le feu allumé toute la nuit;
    ∎ to keep sth going (organization, business) faire marcher qch; (music, conversation) ne pas laisser qch s'arrêter;
    ∎ alcohol is the only thing that keeps me going l'alcool est la seule chose qui me permette de tenir (le coup)
    (d) (delay) retenir;
    ∎ I hope I've not kept you j'espère que je ne vous ai pas retenu;
    ∎ what kept you? qu'est-ce qui t'a retenu?
    (e) (detain) garder;
    ∎ to keep sb in hospital/prison garder qn à l'hôpital/en prison;
    ∎ the doctor kept him in bed le médecin l'a obligé à garder le lit;
    ∎ I don't want to keep you from your work je ne veux pas vous empêcher de travailler;
    ∎ there was nothing to keep me in England/with that company rien ne me retenait en Angleterre/dans cette entreprise
    C.
    ∎ he hardly earns enough to keep himself il gagne à peine de quoi vivre;
    ∎ she has a husband and six children to keep elle a un mari et six enfants à nourrir;
    ∎ it keeps me in cigarettes ça paie mes cigarettes;
    ∎ the grant barely keeps me in food ma bourse me permet tout juste de me payer de quoi manger
    ∎ he keeps a mistress il a une maîtresse;
    ∎ they keep a maid and a gardener ils ont une bonne et un jardinier
    (c) (run → shop, business) tenir
    ∎ I'm afraid we don't keep that article je regrette, nous ne vendons pas ou nous ne faisons pas cet article
    (e) (farm animals) élever;
    ∎ they keep pigs/bees ils élèvent des porcs/des abeilles
    (f) (diary, list etc) tenir;
    ∎ my secretary keeps my accounts ma secrétaire tient ou s'occupe de ma comptabilité;
    ∎ to keep a record of events prendre les événements en note;
    ∎ to keep a note of sth noter qch
    D.
    (a) (fulfil → a promise) tenir;
    ∎ to keep one's word tenir sa parole
    (b) (observe → silence) observer; (→ the Sabbath) respecter; (→ law) respecter, observer; (→ vow) rester fidèle à; (→ treaty) tenir, respecter, observer; (→ date, appointment) ne pas manquer;
    ∎ Religion to keep the commandments observer les commandements
    (c) (uphold) maintenir;
    ∎ to keep order/the peace maintenir l'ordre/la paix;
    ∎ to keep a lookout faire le guet
    (d) (guard) garder;
    ∎ to keep goal être gardien de but;
    ∎ to keep wicket (in cricket) garder le guichet;
    ∎ archaic God keep you! Dieu vous garde!
    E.
    ∎ to keep sb from doing sth empêcher qn de faire qch;
    ∎ nothing will keep me from going rien ne m'empêchera d'y aller
    ∎ to keep sth from sb cacher qch à qn;
    ∎ to keep information from sb dissimuler des informations à qn;
    ∎ I can't keep anything from her je ne peux rien lui cacher;
    ∎ they deliberately kept the news from his family ils ont fait exprès de cacher les nouvelles à sa famille
    (a) (with present participle) (continue) continuer;
    ∎ letters keep pouring in les lettres continuent d'affluer;
    ∎ don't keep apologizing arrête de t'excuser;
    ∎ they keep teasing him ils n'arrêtent pas de le taquiner;
    ∎ to keep smiling garder le sourire;
    ∎ don't keep asking questions ne posez pas tout le temps des questions;
    ∎ I wish you wouldn't keep saying that j'aimerais bien que tu arrêtes de répéter cela;
    ∎ she had several failures but kept trying elle a essuyé plusieurs échecs mais elle a persévéré;
    ∎ keep going till you get to the crossroads allez jusqu'au croisement;
    ∎ she kept going when everyone else had given up elle a continué alors que tous les autres avaient abandonné;
    ∎ with so few customers, it's a wonder the shop keeps going avec si peu de clients, c'est un miracle que le magasin ne ferme pas
    (b) (stay, remain) rester, se tenir;
    ∎ to keep quiet se tenir ou rester tranquille;
    ∎ keep calm! restez calmes!, du calme!;
    ∎ she kept warm by jumping up and down elle se tenait chaud en sautillant sur place;
    ∎ keep to the path ne vous écartez pas du chemin;
    ∎ to keep in touch with sb rester en contact avec qn;
    ∎ to keep to oneself se tenir à l'écart
    (c) (last, stay fresh) se conserver, se garder;
    ∎ it will keep for a week in the refrigerator vous pouvez le garder ou conserver au réfrigérateur pendant une semaine;
    ∎ what I've got to tell you won't keep till tomorrow ce que j'ai à te dire n'attendra pas jusqu'à demain;
    ∎ will it keep till later? (news) est-ce que ça peut attendre?
    (d) (in health) aller;
    ∎ how are you keeping? comment allez-vous?, comment ça va?;
    ∎ I'm keeping well je vais bien, ça va (bien);
    ∎ she doesn't keep well elle ne jouit pas d'une bonne santé
    3 noun
    ∎ the grant is supposed to be enough to pay your keep la bourse est censée vous permettre de payer la nourriture et le logement;
    ∎ he gives his mother £50 a week for his keep il donne 50 livres par semaine à sa mère pour sa pension;
    ∎ to earn one's keep = payer ou travailler pour être nourri et logé;
    ∎ our cat certainly earns his keep notre chat vaut bien ce qu'il nous coûte
    ∎ for keeps pour de bon□
    ➲ keep at
    ∎ the sergeant kept us hard at it all morning le sergent nous a fait travailler toute la matinée
    (a) (pester) harceler;
    ∎ she kept at him until he agreed elle l'a harcelé jusqu'à ce qu'il accepte
    ∎ to keep at it persévérer;
    ∎ he kept at it until he found a solution il a persévéré jusqu'à trouver une solution
    tenir éloigné, empêcher d'approcher;
    ∎ keep the baby away from the fire empêche le bébé d'approcher du feu;
    ∎ the rain kept a lot of spectators away la pluie a dissuadé bien des spectateurs de venir;
    ∎ keep that dog away (from me)! tenez ce chien loin de moi!;
    ∎ the wind will keep the rain away le vent empêchera la pluie
    ne pas s'approcher;
    ∎ keep away (from me)! n'approchez pas!;
    ∎ keep away from the cooker ne t'approche pas de la cuisinière;
    ∎ keep away from those people évitez ces gens-là;
    ∎ I felt my visits were unwelcome and so I kept away je n'avais pas l'impression que mes visites étaient bienvenues, alors je n'y suis plus allé;
    ∎ I can't keep away from chocolates je ne peux pas résister quand je vois des chocolats
    (a) (keep at a distance → crowd, spectators) tenir éloigné, empêcher de s'approcher
    (b) (not reveal → names, facts) cacher;
    ∎ I'm sure he's keeping something back (from us) je suis sûr qu'il (nous) cache quelque chose
    (c) (retain) retenir;
    ∎ part of our salary is kept back every month une partie de notre salaire est retenue tous les mois
    (d) (detain) retenir;
    ∎ to be kept back after school être en retenue;
    ∎ School to be kept back a year redoubler
    (e) (restrain) retenir;
    ∎ he struggled to keep back the tears il s'est efforcé de retenir ses larmes
    rester en arrière, ne pas s'approcher;
    ∎ keep back! restez où vous êtes!, n'approchez pas!
    (after meeting, class) retenir
    (a) (not raise) ne pas lever;
    ∎ keep your head down! ne lève pas la tête!, garde la tête baissée!;
    ∎ keep your voices down! parlez moins fort ou plus bas
    ∎ we must keep our expenses down il faut que nous limitions nos dépenses;
    ∎ our aim is to keep prices down notre but est d'empêcher les prix d'augmenter;
    ∎ to keep one's weight down garder la ligne
    (c) (repress) réprimer; (control → vermin, weeds) empêcher de proliférer;
    ∎ the army kept the population/the revolt down l'armée a tenu la population en respect/a maté la révolte;
    ∎ you can't keep a good man down rien n'arrête un homme de mérite
    (d) (food) garder;
    ∎ she can't keep solid foods down son estomac ne garde aucun aliment solide
    (e) School faire redoubler;
    ∎ to be kept down a year redoubler une année
    ne pas se relever;
    ∎ keep down! ne vous relevez pas!
    s'empêcher de, se retenir de;
    ∎ I couldn't keep from laughing je n'ai pas pu m'empêcher de rire
    ➲ keep in
    (a) (not allow out) empêcher de sortir; School donner une consigne à, garder en retenue;
    ∎ the bad weather kept us in le mauvais temps nous a empêchés de sortir;
    ∎ they're keeping him in overnight (in hospital) ils le gardent pour la nuit
    (b) (fire) entretenir
    (c) (stomach) rentrer
    ∎ to keep one's hand in garder la main
    (not go out) ne pas sortir, rester chez soi
    ∎ to keep in with sb ne pas se mettre mal avec qn
    (a) (dogs, birds, trespassers) éloigner; (rain, sun) protéger de;
    ∎ this cream will keep the mosquitoes off cette crème vous/le/te/ etc protégera contre les moustiques;
    ∎ keep your hands off! pas touche!, bas les pattes!
    (b) (coat, hat) ne pas remettre
    (a) (avoid) éviter;
    ∎ keep off drink and tobacco évitez l'alcool et le tabac;
    ∎ we tried to keep off the topic on a essayé d'éviter le sujet
    (b) (keep at a distance from) ne pas s'approcher de;
    ∎ keep off the grass (sign) pelouse interdite
    (a) (keep at a distance) ne pas s'approcher;
    ∎ that's mine, keep off! c'est à moi, n'y touchez pas!
    ∎ the rain/snow kept off il n'a pas plu/neigé;
    ∎ if the storm keeps off si l'orage n'éclate pas
    ➲ keep on
    (a) (coat, hat) garder
    (b) (employee) garder
    ∎ to keep the central heating on laisser le chauffage central en marche;
    ∎ don't keep the lights on all day ne laissez pas la lumière allumée toute la journée
    (a) (continue) continuer;
    ∎ keep on until you come to a crossroads continuez jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à un carrefour;
    ∎ they kept on talking ils ont continué à parler;
    ∎ don't keep on asking questions ne posez pas tout le temps des questions;
    ∎ I keep on making the same mistakes je fais toujours les mêmes erreurs
    (b) familiar (talk continually) parler sans cesse;
    ∎ he keeps on about his kids il n'arrête pas de parler de ses gosses;
    ∎ don't keep on about it! ça suffit, j'ai compris!;
    ∎ he just keeps on and on about it il n'arrête pas d'en parler
    ∎ to keep on at sb (to do sth) harceler qn (pour qu'il fasse qch)□
    empêcher d'entrer;
    ∎ a guard dog to keep intruders out un chien de garde pour décourager les intrus;
    ∎ a scarf to keep the cold out une écharpe pour vous protéger du froid
    ne pas entrer;
    ∎ keep out (sign) défense d'entrer, entrée interdite;
    ∎ to keep out of an argument ne pas intervenir dans une discussion;
    ∎ to keep out of danger rester à l'abri du danger;
    ∎ try to keep out of trouble essaie de ne pas t'attirer d'ennuis
    (a) (observe, respect) respecter;
    ∎ you must keep to the deadlines vous devez respecter les délais
    (b) (not deviate from) ne pas s'écarter de;
    ∎ to keep to the script (actors) s'en tenir au script;
    ∎ keep to the point or the subject! ne vous écartez pas du sujet!;
    ∎ keep to the main roads when it's icy restez sur les grandes routes quand il y a du verglas
    (c) (stay in) garder;
    ∎ to keep to one's room/bed garder la chambre/le lit
    ne pas séparer;
    ∎ I'd like them to be kept together j'aimerais qu'ils ne soient pas séparés
    rester ensemble
    (a) (repress) réprimer
    ∎ he's being kept under with Pentothal on le garde sous Pentothal
    ➲ keep up
    (a) (prevent from falling → shelf, roof) maintenir;
    ∎ I need a belt to keep my trousers up j'ai besoin d'une ceinture pour empêcher mon pantalon de tomber;
    ∎ figurative it will keep prices up ça empêchera les prix de baisser;
    ∎ it's to keep the troops' morale up c'est pour maintenir le moral des troupes;
    ∎ keep your spirits up! ne te laisse pas abattre!
    (b) (maintain → attack, bombardment) poursuivre; (→ correspondence, contacts, conversation) entretenir;
    ∎ you have to keep up the payments on ne peut pas interrompre les versements;
    ∎ she kept up a constant flow of questions elle ne cessait de poser des questions;
    ∎ it's a tradition which hasn't been kept up c'est une tradition qui s'est perdue;
    ∎ keep up the good work! c'est du bon travail, continuez!;
    ∎ you're doing well, keep it up! c'est bien, continuez!;
    ∎ once they start talking politics, they can keep it up all night une fois lancés sur la politique, ils sont capables d'y passer la nuit
    (c) (prevent from going to bed) empêcher de dormir;
    ∎ the baby kept us up all night nous n'avons pas pu fermer l'œil de la nuit à cause du bébé
    (d) (not allow to deteriorate → house, garden) entretenir;
    ∎ the lawns haven't been kept up les pelouses n'ont pas été entretenues;
    ∎ she goes to evening classes to keep up her French elle suit des cours du soir pour entretenir son français
    (a) (continue) continuer;
    ∎ if this noise keeps up much longer, I'm going to scream! si ce bruit continue, je crois que je vais hurler!
    (b) (not fall) se maintenir;
    ∎ if prices keep up si les prix se maintiennent;
    ∎ how are their spirits keeping up? est-ce qu'ils gardent le moral?
    ∎ he's finding it hard to keep up in his new class il a du mal à suivre dans sa nouvelle classe;
    ∎ things change so quickly I can't keep up les choses bougent si vite que j'ai du mal à suivre
    ∎ to keep up with the news se tenir au courant de l'actualité;
    ∎ I can barely keep up with her (she changes so much) ça change tellement vite avec elle que j'ai du mal à suivre;
    ∎ to keep up with the times être à la page
    (b) (keep in touch with) rester en contact avec;
    ∎ have you kept up with your cousin in Australia? est-ce que tu es resté en contact avec ton cousin d'Australie?
    ∎ to keep up with sb aller à la même allure que qn;
    ∎ I can't keep up with you vous marchez/parlez/ etc trop vite pour moi;
    ∎ he couldn't keep up with the rest of the children in his class il n'arrivait pas à suivre dans sa classe
    ✾ Book ✾ Film 'Keep the Aspidistra Flying' Orwell, Biermann 'Et vive l'aspidistra!'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > keep

  • 2 keep

    (a) to keep the books tenir la comptabilité ou les comptes;
    ∎ to keep a note of sth noter qch
    ∎ we don't keep computer accessories nous ne vendons pas d'accessoires informatiques
    (prevent from increasing) empêcher d'augmenter;
    ∎ we must keep our expenses down il faut que nous limitions nos dépenses;
    ∎ our aim is to keep prices down notre but est d'empêcher les prix d'augmenter
    (prices) maintenir ferme

    English-French business dictionary > keep

  • 3 shackle

    ˈʃækl
    1. сущ.
    1) обыкн. мн. а) кандалы;
    наручники б) перен. оковы, узы to cast off, throw off one's shackles ≈ сбрасывать оковы
    2) тех. хомут, хомутик;
    соединительная скоба
    2. гл.
    1) а) заковывать в кандалы Syn: chain, fetter, handcuff, manacle б) прям и перен. приковывать, соединять, сцеплять Don't shackle yourself with property. ≈ Не связывай себя недвижимостью. Syn: chain, fetter, link, couple
    2) перен. затруднять, мешать, обременять, сковывать, стеснять Firms are shackled with stupid rules that prevent them from increasing trade. ≈ Дурацкие законы, запрещающие рост продаж, затрудняют работу фирмы. Ant: extricate обыкн. pl кандалы - *s on the ankles кандалы на ногах - to make the *s fast around smb.'s ankles заковать кого-л. в ножные кандалы оковы, узы;
    препятствия - the *s of convention бремя условностей - the *s of love узы любви - the *s of habit сила привычки - he is in the *s of debt он запутался в долгах - the *s of slavery fell пали оковы рабства pl (сленг) обрезки мяса;
    (военное) мясной суп( техническое) обойма, скоба, серьга заковывать в кандалы - a smith was ordered to * him кузнецу велели заковать его в кандалы мешать, стеснять, сковывать - his views were not *d by convention в своих взглядах он был свободен от условностей - he's too young to * himself with a family он слишком молод, чтобы взять на себя такую обузу как семья /связать себя семьей/ - doctors are *d with paperwork врачи перегружены писаниной соединять, сцеплять, приковывать - she was *d to him forever она была соединена с ним навеки shackle заковывать в кандалы ~ (обыкн. pl) кандалы ~ кандалы ~ мешать, стеснять, сковывать ~ pl оковы, узы ~ сцеплять, соединять ~ тех. хомут(ик) ;
    соединительная скоба

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > shackle

  • 4 shackle

    ['ʃækl] 1. сущ.
    а) кандалы; наручники
    б) оковы, узы

    to cast off / throw off one's shackles — сбрасывать оковы

    2) тех. хомут, хомутик; соединительная скоба
    2. гл.; книжн.
    1)
    Syn:
    б) приковывать, соединять, сцеплять прям. и перен.

    Don't shackle yourself with property. — Не связывай себя недвижимостью.

    Syn:
    chain 2., fetter 2., link I 2., couple 2.
    2) затруднять, мешать, обременять, сковывать, стеснять

    Firms are shackled with stupid rules that prevent them from increasing trade. — Деятельность многих фирм сковывается дурацкими законами, которые не дают им наращивать объём продаж.

    Ant:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > shackle

  • 5 obstáculo

    m.
    obstacle, drag, snag, balk.
    * * *
    1 (barrera) obstacle
    2 (inconveniente) objection
    3 (valla) fence, jump
    \
    salvar un obstáculo to overcome an obstacle
    carrera de obstáculos (para niños) obstacle race 2 (de caballos, atletas) steeplechase
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [físico] obstacle
    carrera 2)
    2) (=dificultad) obstacle, hindrance

    poner obstáculos a algo/algn — to hinder sth/sb

    * * *
    masculino obstacle

    superar or salvar un obstáculo — to overcome an obstacle

    no fue obstáculo para que ganara — it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning

    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impairment, impediment, rough spot, wall, barrier, bottleneck, hindrance, obstacle, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, block.
    Ex. Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.
    Ex. A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex. Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex. A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex. It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex. But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex. In the map library, the electronic medium is shaking the foundations of cartographic communication and threatening the bring the walls crashing down.
    Ex. While the number of projects proposed was innumerable, 3 barriers remain: red tape; hard currency; and Western barriers to providing high technology to the Eastern bloc.
    Ex. A number of research groups have investigated the use of knowledge-based systems as a means of avoiding this bottleneck.
    Ex. The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex. Conversely, an unsympathetic principal can be the greatest obstacle to library development within a school.
    Ex. This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex. Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex. These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex. Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex. The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex. The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex. Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.
    ----
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * carrera de obstáculos = steeplechase.
    * constituir un obstáculo = constitute + an obstacle.
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * enfrentarse a un obstáculo = address + barrier.
    * obstáculo insalvable = insurmountable obstacle.
    * obstáculos = logjam [log-jam].
    * poner obstáculos = cramp.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * que pone obstáculos = obstructive.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo = remove + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo, eliminar un obstáculo = remove + obstacle.
    * ser un obstáculo = stand in + the way (of).
    * sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded.
    * sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.
    * sin obstáculos, sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * vencer un obstáculo = surmount + obstacle, conquer + barrier.
    * * *
    masculino obstacle

    superar or salvar un obstáculo — to overcome an obstacle

    no fue obstáculo para que ganara — it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning

    * * *
    = encumbrance, handicap, hurdle, impairment, impediment, rough spot, wall, barrier, bottleneck, hindrance, obstacle, inhibition, obstruction, stumbling block, bar, blockage, roadblock, block.

    Ex: Meanwhile we are asked to accept encumbrances that will needlessly impair the effectiveness of our catalogs for an indefinite time to come.

    Ex: A high exhaustivity of indexing, then, is beneficial where a thorough search is required, but may be a handicap when only a few highly relevant documents are sought.
    Ex: Schoolchildren, students, and other whose native language is written in a non-Roman script may find alphabetical order according to Roman characters an almost insurmountable hurdle in the use of catalogues and indexes.
    Ex: A well-designed multimodal application can be used by people with a wide variety of impairments.
    Ex: It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex: But despite the many catalog worlds, and herein lies the rub -- or at least a rough spot -- we have been proceeding on the assumption that the catalog exists in the form of the data distributed by the Library of Congress.
    Ex: In the map library, the electronic medium is shaking the foundations of cartographic communication and threatening the bring the walls crashing down.
    Ex: While the number of projects proposed was innumerable, 3 barriers remain: red tape; hard currency; and Western barriers to providing high technology to the Eastern bloc.
    Ex: A number of research groups have investigated the use of knowledge-based systems as a means of avoiding this bottleneck.
    Ex: The overall effect of the labels and signs is not so much help but hindrance through information overload.
    Ex: Conversely, an unsympathetic principal can be the greatest obstacle to library development within a school.
    Ex: This has been a major source of inhibition to the development of British efforts to create a bank of microcopy versions of theses accepted.
    Ex: Harmonization of technical standards is one of the Community's principal goals in creating a common market devoid of obstructions to the free movement of goods.
    Ex: These stumbling blocks can often be bypassed in the initial stages of OSI implementation by choosing applications that do not require close integration with existing library systems.
    Ex: Publications describing or revealing an invention can be a bar to issuance of a patent.
    Ex: The problem in relation to communication is probably the most difficult of them all, as the blockage lies in people rather than with the library.
    Ex: The roadblock to increasing book translations into English is not that there is insufficient funding but that few publishers know about grant schemes that are available.
    Ex: Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.
    * ayudar a eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * carrera de obstáculos = steeplechase.
    * constituir un obstáculo = constitute + an obstacle.
    * creación de obstáculos = fence building.
    * eliminar obstáculos = clear + the path, clear + the way.
    * eliminar un obstáculo = remove + barrier, sweep away + obstacle.
    * encontrarse con un obstáculo = face + obstacle.
    * enfrentarse a un obstáculo = address + barrier.
    * obstáculo insalvable = insurmountable obstacle.
    * obstáculos = logjam [log-jam].
    * poner obstáculos = cramp.
    * preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.
    * presentar un obstáculo = pose + obstacle.
    * que pone obstáculos = obstructive.
    * reducir un obstáculo = lower + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo = remove + barrier.
    * remover un obstáculo, eliminar un obstáculo = remove + obstacle.
    * ser un obstáculo = stand in + the way (of).
    * sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded.
    * sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.
    * sin obstáculos, sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * vencer un obstáculo = surmount + obstacle, conquer + barrier.

    * * *
    obstacle
    quitaron los obstáculos del camino they cleared the obstacles from the road, they cleared the road of obstacles
    superar or salvar un obstáculo to overcome an obstacle
    no fue obstáculo para que ganara it did not stop o prevent him (from) winning
    me puso muchos obstáculos he put many obstacles in my path
    el único obstáculo entre nosotros y la victoria the only obstacle between us and victory, the only thing that stands/stood between us and victory
    un obstáculo para el éxito del proyecto an obstacle to the success of the project
    * * *

    obstáculo sustantivo masculino
    obstacle
    obstáculo sustantivo masculino
    1 (dificultad) handicap: no hay ningún obstáculo para que estudies Derecho, there's nothing stopping you from studying Law
    2 (en un camino, etc) obstacle
    una carrera de obstáculos, an obstacle race
    ' obstáculo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escollo
    - esquivar
    - estorbo
    - franquear
    - insalvable
    - remover
    - salvar
    - sortear
    - vencer
    - allanar
    - apartar
    - brincar
    - chocar
    - eliminar
    - encontrar
    - saltar
    - subsanar
    English:
    bar
    - barrier
    - block
    - chief
    - clash
    - clear
    - get across
    - get over
    - get past
    - hazard
    - hurdle
    - impassable
    - impediment
    - jump
    - negotiate
    - obstacle
    - obstruction
    - pitfall
    * * *
    1. [impedimento] obstacle ( para to);
    poner obstáculos a algo/alguien to put obstacles in the way of sth/sb
    2. [en una carrera] hurdle
    * * *
    m obstacle;
    carrera de obstáculos obstacle race;
    ponerle obstáculos a alguien make things difficult for s.o.;
    ponerle obstáculos a algo make sth difficult
    * * *
    impedimento: obstacle
    * * *
    obstáculo n obstacle

    Spanish-English dictionary > obstáculo

  • 6 caída

    f.
    1 fall, collapse, downfall, downturn.
    2 wipe-out.
    3 prolapse, ptosis, drooping, lapsus.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: caer.
    * * *
    1 (acción de caer) fall, falling
    2 (pérdida) loss
    3 (de precios, temperatura) fall, drop
    5 (del sol) setting
    6 (de tejidos) body, hang
    7 COSTURA (ancho) width; (largo) length
    8 figurado downfall, fall
    \
    caída de ojos demure look
    caída libre free fall
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) fall
    2) drop
    4) loss
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=accidente) fall; [de caballo] fall, tumble

    • sufrir una caída — to have a fall, take a tumble

    durante un campeonato regional, sufrió una grave caída del caballo — during a regional championship, he had a bad fall o tumble off his horse

    caída de cabeza, sufrir una caída de cabeza — to fall headfirst, take a header *

    2) [de gobierno, imperio] fall, collapse; [de un gobernante] downfall

    la caída del Muro de Berlín — the collapse o fall of the Berlin Wall

    3) (=pérdida) [de cabello, dientes] loss
    4) (Dep)

    caída al vacío, caída libre — free fall

    5) (=descenso) [de precios, ventas] fall, drop; [de divisa] fall

    la espectacular caída de precios afectó con gran dureza a numerosas economías — many economies were hard hit by the dramatic fall o drop in prices

    caída de tensión — (Med) drop in blood pressure; (Elec) drop in voltage

    • caída en picado — sharp fall

    6)

    • a la caída del sol o de la tarde — at sunset

    7) (=desprendimiento) fall
    8) (=inclinación) [de terreno] slope; [brusco] drop
    9) [de tela, ropa] hang

    caída de ojos, tenía una caída de ojos entre coqueta y malvada — the way she lowered her eyes was somewhere between coquettish and wicked

    10) (Rel)
    11)
    12) pl caídas
    a) * (=golpes) witty remarks

    ¡qué caídas tiene! — isn't he witty?

    b) (=lana) low-grade wool sing
    * * *
    1) ( accidente) fall

    sufrir una caída — persona to have a fall

    3) (de tela, falda)
    4) (de gobierno, de ciudad) fall

    la caída del Imperio Romano — the fall o collapse of the Roman Empire

    5) ( descenso) fall, drop
    6)

    a la caída del sol or de la tarde — at sunset, at dusk

    7) (de terreno, de superficie) slope; ( más pronunciada) drop
    * * *
    = drop, spiral, downfall, slippage, downturn, droop, trough, downward spiral, fall, slump, downswing, descent, labefaction.
    Ex. Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.
    Ex. The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.
    Ex. What this time will be the cause of his slapstick downfall?.
    Ex. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) also publishes FAO Books in Print on an intended annual cycle but the programme has been subject to slippage in recent years.
    Ex. Part of the trend towards declining conference attendance results from the downturn in the economy = Parte de la tendencia hacia el descenso de la asistencia a los congresos es consecuencia de la caída de la economía.
    Ex. This article describes a study undertaken in Brazil to investigate the phenomenon of the droop at the end of the graph demonstrating Bradford's law which corresponds to the journals of low productivity.
    Ex. Public libraries have continued to expand since the trough of the 1950s.
    Ex. The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.
    Ex. There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.
    Ex. The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex. A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.
    Ex. The street-smart kid's descent into crime and heroin addiction is now too familiar a story.
    Ex. The natural result of this labefaction is the Delaware neonate killing by a freshman couple.
    ----
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * a la caída de la tarde = at twilight.
    * amortiguar la caída = break + Posesivo + fall.
    * caída al vacío = fall into + (empty) space.
    * caída de la bolsa = market crash, stock market crash.
    * caída de la tarde = sundown.
    * caída del imperio romano, la = Fall of the Roman Empire, the.
    * caída de los precios = falling prices.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * caída de pelo = hair loss.
    * caída en picado = plunge, nosedive, swoop.
    * caída libre = free fall.
    * en caída = flowing.
    * * *
    1) ( accidente) fall

    sufrir una caída — persona to have a fall

    3) (de tela, falda)
    4) (de gobierno, de ciudad) fall

    la caída del Imperio Romano — the fall o collapse of the Roman Empire

    5) ( descenso) fall, drop
    6)

    a la caída del sol or de la tarde — at sunset, at dusk

    7) (de terreno, de superficie) slope; ( más pronunciada) drop
    * * *
    = drop, spiral, downfall, slippage, downturn, droop, trough, downward spiral, fall, slump, downswing, descent, labefaction.

    Ex: Perfect recall can only be achieved by a drop in the proportion of relevant documents considered.

    Ex: The spiral begins its downward swirl very early in life when a child has difficulty learning to read.
    Ex: What this time will be the cause of his slapstick downfall?.
    Ex: The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) also publishes FAO Books in Print on an intended annual cycle but the programme has been subject to slippage in recent years.
    Ex: Part of the trend towards declining conference attendance results from the downturn in the economy = Parte de la tendencia hacia el descenso de la asistencia a los congresos es consecuencia de la caída de la economía.
    Ex: This article describes a study undertaken in Brazil to investigate the phenomenon of the droop at the end of the graph demonstrating Bradford's law which corresponds to the journals of low productivity.
    Ex: Public libraries have continued to expand since the trough of the 1950s.
    Ex: The downward spiral of increasing serial prices and decreasing subscriptions is well documented.
    Ex: There has been a rapid increase in the number and costs of science, technology and medicine scholarly titles in recent years, and a fall in subscriptions.
    Ex: The author discusses the current upswing in paperback sales of children's books in the USA and the slump in hardback sales.
    Ex: A new solution to the problem of predicting cyclical highs and lows in the economy enables one to gauge whether an incipient economic downswing will turn out to be a slowdown in economic growth or a real recession.
    Ex: The street-smart kid's descent into crime and heroin addiction is now too familiar a story.
    Ex: The natural result of this labefaction is the Delaware neonate killing by a freshman couple.
    * a la caída de la noche = at nightfall, at twilight.
    * a la caída de la tarde = at twilight.
    * amortiguar la caída = break + Posesivo + fall.
    * caída al vacío = fall into + (empty) space.
    * caída de la bolsa = market crash, stock market crash.
    * caída de la tarde = sundown.
    * caída del imperio romano, la = Fall of the Roman Empire, the.
    * caída de los precios = falling prices.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * caída de pelo = hair loss.
    * caída en picado = plunge, nosedive, swoop.
    * caída libre = free fall.
    * en caída = flowing.

    * * *
    sufrir una caída «persona» to have a fall
    ha sufrido varias caídas y no se ha roto it's fallen on the floor/it's been dropped several times without breaking
    fue una mala caída it was a nasty fall, he took a nasty tumble ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    hacerle una caída de ojos a algn to flutter one's eyelids at sb
    free fall
    B
    (del cabello): un tratamiento contra la caída del cabello a treatment to prevent hair loss
    C
    (de una tela, falda): para esta falda se necesita una tela con más caída you need a heavier material for this skirt
    tiene muy buena caída it hangs very well
    D
    la caída del Imperio Romano the fall o collapse of the Roman Empire
    2
    la Caída ( Bib) the Fall
    E (descenso) fall, drop
    la caída del dólar/del precio del petróleo the fall in the dollar/in the price of oil
    se ha producido una caída de las exportaciones/la demanda there has been a fall o drop in exports/demand
    la caída de la temperatura the drop in temperature
    una caída de voltaje or tensión a drop in voltage
    Compuesto:
    waterfall
    F
    a la caída del sol or de la tarde at sunset, at dusk
    G
    2 (de un techo) slope, pitch; (de una superficie) slope, drop
    H ( Náut) (de un palo, mástil) rake
    * * *

     

    caída sustantivo femenino
    1 ( en general) fall;

    caída libre free fall;
    la caída del gobierno the fall of the government;
    la caída del cabello hair loss
    2 (de tela, falda):

    tiene buena caída it hangs well
    3 ( descenso) caída de algo ‹del dólar/de los precios/de la demanda› fall in sth;
    ‹de temperatura/voltaje› drop in sth;

    caído,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 fallen: había varios troncos caídos en la carretera, there were tree trunks on the road
    2 (en defensa de una causa) los soldados caídos en el desembarco de Normandía, the soldiers who fell in during the Normandy landings
    3 (parte del cuerpo) Pedro es caído de hombros, Pedro has drooping shoulders
    II mpl Mil los caídos, the fallen
    caída sustantivo femenino
    1 fall
    la caída del muro de Berlín, the fall of the Berlin wall
    2 (del pelo, los dientes) loss
    3 (de los precios) drop
    4 (de un tejido) es una tela con poca caída, it's a fabric that hangs badly
    5 Pol downfall, collapse
    6 (salto de agua) waterfall, cascade
    ' caída' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    capa
    - convalecer
    - escalabrarse
    - patinazo
    - precipitarse
    - aparatoso
    - malo
    - pique
    - revolcón
    English:
    break
    - collapse
    - cushion
    - downfall
    - drape
    - fall
    - free fall
    - inflamed
    - rise
    - sheer
    - sky-dive
    - sky-diver
    - tumble
    - descent
    - dip
    - doldrums
    - down
    - drop
    - sky
    - slump
    - sun
    - wind
    * * *
    caída nf
    1. [de persona] fall;
    sufrir una caída to have a fall;
    se rompió la cadera por una mala caída he fell badly and broke his hip
    2. [de hojas, lluvia, nieve] fall;
    [de diente, pelo] loss;
    en la época de la caída de la hoja when the leaves fall off the trees;
    RP Fam
    ser la caída de la estantería to be out of this world
    caída de agua waterfall;
    caída libre free fall;
    caída de ojos: [m5] tiene una atractiva caída de ojos she has an attractive way of lowering her eyelashes;
    caída en picado [de avión] crash dive
    3. [de imperio, ciudad, dictador] fall;
    la caída del Imperio Romano the fall of the Roman Empire;
    la caída del muro (de Berlín) the fall of the Berlin Wall
    4. [de paro, precios] drop (de in);
    se espera una caída de las temperaturas temperatures are expected to drop;
    se ha registrado una caída del desempleo there has been a fall in unemployment, unemployment has gone down
    caída en picado [de la economía] free fall; [de precios] nose-dive;
    caída de tensión voltage drop
    5. [de sol]
    6. [de terreno] drop (de in);
    7. [de tela, vestido] drape
    8. Fam Informát [de red] crash
    9. Náut [de velas] drop, hoist
    10. [en golf] break
    * * *
    f fall;
    caída del gobierno fall of the government;
    caída del pelo hair loss
    * * *
    caída nf
    1) baja, descenso: fall, drop
    2) : collapse, downfall
    * * *
    caída n fall

    Spanish-English dictionary > caída

  • 7 keep

    1. transitive verb,
    1) (observe) halten [Versprechen, Schwur usw.]; einhalten [Verabredung, Vereinbarung, Vertrag, Zeitplan]
    2) (guard) behüten, beschützen [Person]; hüten [Herde, Schafe]; schützen [Stadt, Festung]; verwahren [Wertgegenstände]
    3) (have charge of) aufbewahren; verwahren
    4) (retain possession of) behalten; (not lose or destroy) aufheben [Quittung, Rechnung]

    you can keep it — (coll.): (I do not want it) das kannst du behalten od. dir an den Hut stecken (ugs.)

    5) (maintain) unterhalten, instandhalten [Gebäude, Straße usw.]; pflegen [Garten]

    neatly kept — gut gepflegt

    6) (carry on, manage) unterhalten, führen, betreiben [Geschäft, Lokal, Bauernhof]
    7) halten [Schweine, Bienen, Hund, Katze usw]; sich (Dat.) halten [Diener, Auto]
    8) führen [Tagebuch, Liste usw.]

    keep the books — die Bücher führen

    9) (provide for) versorgen, unterhalten [Familie]

    keep somebody/oneself in cigarettes — etc. jemanden/sich mit Zigaretten usw. versorgen

    10) sich (Dat.) halten [Geliebte, Mätresse usw.]
    11) (have on sale) führen [Ware]

    keep a stock of something — etwas [am Lager] haben

    12) (maintain in quality, state, or position) halten [Rhythmus]

    keep something in one's head — etwas [im Kopf] behalten; sich (Dat.) etwas merken

    keep the office running smoothly — dafür sorgen, dass im Büro weiterhin alles reibungslos [ab]läuft

    keep somebody alive — jemanden am Leben halten

    keep the traffic moving — den Verkehr in Fluss halten

    keep something shut/tidy — etwas geschlossen/in Ordnung halten

    13) (detain) festhalten

    what kept you? — wo bleibst du denn?

    don't let me keep you — lass dich [von mir] nicht aufhalten

    keep somebody from doing something — jemanden davon abhalten od. daran hindern, etwas zu tun

    to keep myself from falling — um nicht zu fallen

    15) (reserve) aufheben; aufsparen

    keep it for oneself — es für sich behalten

    keep something for later — etc. sich (Dat.) etwas für später usw. aufheben od. aufsparen

    16) (conceal)
    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (remain in specified place, condition) bleiben

    keep warm/clean — sich warm/sauber halten

    how are you keeping? — (coll.) wie geht's [dir] denn so? (ugs.)

    2) (continue in course, direction, or action)

    keep [to the] left/[to the] right/straight on — sich links/rechts halten/immer geradeaus fahren/gehen usw.

    ‘keep left’ — (traffic sign) "links vorbeifahren"

    keep behind me — halte dich od. bleib hinter mir

    keep doing something — (not stop) etwas weiter tun; (repeatedly) etwas immer wieder tun; (constantly) etwas dauernd od. immer tun

    keep talking/working etc. until... — weiterreden/-arbeiten usw., bis...

    3) (remain good) [Lebensmittel:] sich halten

    what I have to say won't keep — was ich zu sagen habe, ist eilig od. eilt

    3. noun
    1) (maintenance) Unterhalt, der

    I get £100 a month and my keep — ich bekomme 100 Pfund monatlich und Logis

    2)

    for keeps — (coll.) auf Dauer; (to be retained) zum Behalten

    3) (Hist.): (tower) Bergfried, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/120203/keep_after">keep after
    * * *
    [ki:p] 1. past tense, past participle - kept; verb
    1) (to have for a very long or indefinite period of time: He gave me the picture to keep.) behalten
    2) (not to give or throw away; to preserve: I kept the most interesting books; Can you keep a secret?) behalten
    3) (to (cause to) remain in a certain state or position: I keep this gun loaded; How do you keep cool in this heat?; Will you keep me informed of what happens?)
    4) (to go on (performing or repeating a certain action): He kept walking.) weiter-
    5) (to have in store: I always keep a tin of baked beans for emergencies.) aufbewahren
    6) (to look after or care for: She keeps the garden beautifully; I think they keep hens.) halten
    7) (to remain in good condition: That meat won't keep in this heat unless you put it in the fridge.) sich halten
    8) (to make entries in (a diary, accounts etc): She keeps a diary to remind her of her appointments; He kept the accounts for the club.) führen
    9) (to hold back or delay: Sorry to keep you.) aufhalten
    10) (to provide food, clothes, housing for (someone): He has a wife and child to keep.) unterhalten
    11) (to act in the way demanded by: She kept her promise.) halten
    12) (to celebrate: to keep Christmas.) feiern
    2. noun
    (food and lodging: She gives her mother money every week for her keep; Our cat really earns her keep - she kills all the mice in the house.) der Unterhalt
    - keeper
    - keeping
    - keep-fit
    - keepsake
    - for keeps
    - in keeping with
    - keep away
    - keep back
    - keep one's distance
    - keep down
    - keep one's end up
    - keep from
    - keep going
    - keep hold of
    - keep house for
    - keep house
    - keep in
    - keep in mind
    - keep it up
    - keep off
    - keep on
    - keep oneself to oneself
    - keep out
    - keep out of
    - keep time
    - keep to
    - keep something to oneself
    - keep to oneself
    - keep up
    - keep up with the Joneses
    - keep watch
    * * *
    [ki:p]
    I. NOUN
    1. no pl (livelihood) [Lebens]unterhalt m
    not to be worth one's \keep sein Geld nicht wert sein
    to earn one's \keep [sich dat] seinen Lebensunterhalt verdienen
    2. (main tower of castle) Bergfried m; (dungeon) Burgverlies nt
    <kept, kept>
    1. (hold onto)
    ▪ to \keep sth etw behalten [o aufheben]
    to \keep bills/receipts Rechnungen/Quittungen aufheben
    to \keep the change das Wechselgeld behalten
    to \keep one's sanity sich akk geistig gesund halten
    2. (have in particular place)
    ▪ to \keep sth etw [bereit] stehen haben [o SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR a. parat haben]
    he \keeps a glass of water next to his bed er hat immer ein Glas Wasser neben seinem Bett stehen
    3. (store)
    ▪ to \keep sth medicine, money etw aufbewahren [o SCHWEIZ a. versorgen] [o ÖSTERR a. aufheben]
    to \keep sth safe etw verwahren
    where do you \keep your cups? wo sind die Tassen?
    4. (run)
    to \keep a shop ein Geschäft führen
    5. (sell)
    to \keep sth shop etw führen [o auf Lager haben
    ▪ to \keep sb jdn aufhalten
    to \keep sb waiting jdn warten lassen
    ▪ to \keep sb from doing sth jdn davon abhalten, etw zu tun
    you have to \keep your dog on a chain Hunde müssen an der Leine bleiben
    to \keep sb/sth under control jdn/etw unter Kontrolle halten
    to \keep count of sth etw mitzählen
    I'll \keep count of how many times you jump ich zähle, wie oft du springst
    to \keep sth up-to-date etw auf dem neuesten Stand halten
    to \keep one's eyes fixed on sb/sth den Blick auf jdn/etw geheftet halten
    to \keep sth in one's head etw im Kopf behalten
    to \keep house den Haushalt führen
    to \keep sb in line dafür sorgen, dass jd sich akk an die Ordnung hält
    to \keep sb/sth in mind jdn/etw im Gedächtnis behalten
    to \keep a mistress sich dat eine Geliebte halten
    to \keep one's mouth shut [or closed] den Mund halten
    to \keep sb under observation jdn beobachten lassen
    to \keep oneself to oneself für sich akk [allein] bleiben, [die] Gesellschaft [anderer] meiden
    to \keep track of sb/sth jdn/etw im Auge behalten
    \keep track of how many people have entered reception merken Sie sich, wie viele Leute die Eingangshalle betreten haben
    I don't \keep track of the cats we've had any more ich weiß gar nicht mehr, wie viele Katzen wir schon gehabt haben
    to \keep sb awake jdn wachhalten [o nicht einschlafen lassen]
    to \keep sth closed/open etw geschlossen/geöffnet lassen
    to \keep sb/sth warm jdn/etw warmhalten
    to \keep children Kinder betreuen
    10. (own)
    ▪ to \keep animals Tiere halten
    ▪ to \keep sth etw bewachen
    to \keep goal im Tor stehen nt, das Tor hüten
    to \keep watch Wache halten
    12. (not reveal)
    ▪ to \keep sth from sb jdm etw akk vorenthalten [o verschweigen]
    ▪ to \keep sth to oneself etw akk für sich akk behalten
    13. (stick to)
    ▪ to \keep sth etw [ein]halten [o befolgen]
    to \keep an appointment/a treaty einen Termin/einen Vertrag einhalten
    to \keep the faith fest im Glauben [o glaubensstark] sein
    \keep the faith! AM nur Mut!, Kopf hoch!
    he's really nervous about the presentation but I told him to \keep the faith er ist wirklich aufgeregt wegen der Moderation, aber ich habe ihm gesagt, er solle zuversichtlich sein
    to \keep the law/the Ten Commandments das Gesetz/die Zehn Gebote befolgen
    to \keep an oath/a promise einen Schwur/ein Versprechen halten
    to \keep the sabbath den Sabbat heiligen
    to \keep a tradition eine Tradition wahren
    to \keep the books die Bücher führen
    to \keep a diary [or journal] ein Tagebuch führen
    to \keep a log [or record] of sth über etw akk Buch führen
    to \keep the minutes [das] Protokoll führen
    to \keep score SPORT die Punkte anschreiben
    ▪ to \keep sb/sth jdn/etw unterhalten [o versorgen]
    to \keep sb in cigarettes/money jdn mit Zigaretten/Geld versorgen
    the news will \keep her in gossip for some time to come aufgrund dieser Meldung wird man noch einige Zeit über sie tratschen fam
    16.
    ▶ to \keep one's balance [or feet] das Gleichgewicht halten
    ▶ to \keep an eye out for sth nach etw dat Ausschau halten
    ▶ to \keep one's hand in sth bei etw dat die Hand [weiterhin] im Spiel haben [o fam [nach wie vor] mitmischen]
    ▶ to \keep a secret ein Geheimnis hüten [o bewahren]
    ▶ to \keep time watch richtig [o genau] gehen; MUS Takt halten
    <kept, kept>
    1. (stay fresh) food sich akk halten
    2. (wait) Zeit haben
    that gruesome story can \keep until we've finished eating, John diese Schauergeschichte hat Zeit bis nach dem Essen, John
    your questions can \keep until later deine Fragen können noch warten
    3. (stay) bleiben
    to \keep to one's bed im Bett bleiben
    she's ill and has to \keep to her bed sie ist krank und muss das Bett hüten
    to \keep in line sich akk an die Ordnung halten
    to \keep in step with sb mit jdm Schritt halten
    to \keep awake/healthy wach/gesund bleiben
    to \keep cool einen kühlen Kopf [o die Ruhe] bewahren
    to \keep [to the] left/right sich akk [mehr] links/rechts halten
    to \keep quiet still sein
    ▪ to \keep doing sth etw weiter tun
    don't stop, \keep walking bleib nicht stehen, geh weiter
    he \keeps trying to distract me er versucht ständig, mich abzulenken
    don't \keep asking silly questions stell nicht immer so dumme Fragen
    ▪ to \keep at sth mit etw dat weitermachen, an etw dat dranbleiben fam
    ▪ to \keep from doing sth etw unterlassen, sich dat etw akk verkneifen fam
    though the show was disgusting, he couldn't \keep from looking obwohl die Show abscheulich war, musste er sie sich einfach ansehen
    how will I ever \keep from smoking? wie kann ich jemals mit dem Rauchen aufhören?
    ▪ to \keep to sth an etw dat festhalten; (not digress) bei etw dat bleiben
    to \keep to an agreement/a promise sich akk an eine Vereinbarung/ein Versprechen halten
    to \keep to a schedule einen Zeitplan einhalten
    to \keep to a/the subject [or topic] bei einem/beim Thema bleiben
    7.
    ▶ how are you \keeping? BRIT wie geht's dir so?
    * * *
    keep [kiːp]
    A s
    1. (Lebens)Unterhalt m:
    earn one’s keep
    2. (Unterkunft f und) Verpflegung f
    3. Unterhaltskosten pl (eines Pferdes etc):
    earn its keep sich bezahlt machen
    4. for keeps umg
    a) für oder auf immer, endgültig:
    settle a controversy for keeps einen Streit ein für alle Mal beilegen;
    it’s mine for keeps ich kann oder darf es behalten
    b) ernsthaft
    5. Obhut f, Verwahrung f
    6. a) Bergfried m, Hauptturm m
    b) Burgverlies n
    B v/t prät und pperf kept [kept]
    1. (be)halten, SPORT einen Spieler halten:
    keep the ticket in your hand behalte die Karte in der Hand
    keep apart getrennt halten, auseinanderhalten;
    keep a door closed eine Tür geschlossen halten;
    keep sth dry etwas trocken halten oder vor Nässe schützen;
    a) jemanden finanziell unterstützen,
    b) jemanden am Leben erhalten;
    keep the engine running den Motor laufen lassen;
    keep sth a secret etwas geheim halten ( from sb vor jemandem); → advised 2, go1 C 12, wait B 1
    3. fig
    a) (er)halten, (be)wahren:
    keep one’s neutrality seine Neutralität wahren; → balance A 2, distance A 7, order A 1, temper A 4
    b) SPORT das Tempo durchhalten
    4. (im Besitz) behalten:
    keep the ball SPORT in Ballbesitz bleiben;
    keep the change der Rest (des Geldes) ist für Sie!;
    keep your seat, please bitte behalten Sie Platz;
    keep a seat for sb jemandem einen Platz frei halten;
    you can keep it! umg das kannst du dir an den Hut stecken!
    5. fig halten, sich halten oder behaupten in oder auf (dat): → field A 7
    6. jemanden aufhalten:
    I won’t keep you long;
    don’t let me keep you lass dich nicht aufhalten!;
    what’s keeping him? wo bleibt er denn nur (so lange)?
    7. (fest)halten, bewachen:
    keep sb in prison jemanden in Haft halten;
    keep sb for lunch jemanden zum Mittagessen dabehalten;
    she keeps him here sie hält ihn hier fest, er bleibt ihretwegen hier; → goal 2 b, prisoner 1
    8. alte Briefe etc aufheben, aufbewahren:
    keep a secret ein Geheimnis bewahren;
    can you keep a secret? kannst du schweigen?;
    keep sth for later (sich) etwas für später aufheben; → well-kept 2
    9. (aufrechter)halten, unterhalten:
    keep good relations with sb zu jemandem gute Beziehungen unterhalten; → eye A 2, guard C 3
    10. pflegen, (er)halten:
    keep in good repair in gutem Zustand erhalten, instand halten;
    a) in schlechtem Zustand,
    b) ungepflegt; → well-kept 1
    11. eine Ware führen:
    we don’t keep this article
    12. ein Tagebuch etc führen: → account C 4, record C 5 a
    13. ein Geschäft etc führen:
    keep a shop (bes US store) einen Laden haben oder betreiben; → house A 1, A 2
    14. ein Amt etc innehaben
    15. besonders US eine Versammlung etc (ab)halten:
    keep school Schule halten
    16. ein Versprechen etc (ein)halten, einlösen:
    keep an appointment eine Verabredung einhalten; → word B 4
    17. das Bett, Haus, Zimmer hüten, bleiben in (dat):
    keep one’s bed( house, room)
    18. Vorschriften etc beachten, einhalten, befolgen:
    keep Sundays die Sonntage einhalten
    19. obs ein Fest begehen, feiern:
    20. ernähren, er-, unterhalten, sorgen für:
    have a family to keep eine Familie ernähren müssen;
    keep sb in money jemanden mit Geld versorgen;
    keep sb in food für jemandes Ernährung sorgen, jemanden ernähren
    21. Kostgänger etc haben, beherbergen
    22. a) Tiere halten
    b) sich ein Hausmädchen, ein Auto etc halten
    23. (be)schützen ( from vor dat)
    C v/i
    1. bleiben:
    keep in bed im Bett bleiben;
    keep in sight in Sicht(weite) bleiben;
    keep out of danger sich nicht in Gefahr bringen; → Verbindungen mit Adverbien
    2. sich halten, (in einem bestimmten Zustand) bleiben:
    keep calm ruhig oder gelassen bleiben;
    keep still stillhalten;
    keep still about nichts verlauten lassen von;
    keep warm sich warm halten;
    keep friends (weiterhin) Freunde bleiben;
    keep in good health gesund bleiben;
    the milk (weather) will keep die Milch (das Wetter) wird sich halten;
    the weather keeps fine das Wetter bleibt schön;
    this matter will keep diese Sache hat Zeit oder eilt nicht;
    won’t it keep till later? hat das nicht bis später Zeit?;
    the secret will keep das Geheimnis bleibt gewahrt; → cool A 1, A 5
    he keeps (on) asking me er fragt mich dauernd oder fortwährend oder ständig;
    the baby kept (on) crying for hours das Baby weinte stundenlang;
    prices keep (on) increasing die Preise steigen immer weiter;
    a) weiterlachen, nicht aufhören zu lachen,
    b) dauernd oder ständig lachen;
    keep smiling immer nur lächeln!, lass den Mut nicht sinken!, Kopf hoch!;
    keep (on) trying es weiter versuchen, es immer wieder versuchen
    4. sich links oder rechts halten:
    keep straight ahead ( oder on) immer geradeaus gehen oder fahren
    5. how are you keeping? umg obs wie geht es dir?
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,
    1) (observe) halten [Versprechen, Schwur usw.]; einhalten [Verabredung, Vereinbarung, Vertrag, Zeitplan]
    2) (guard) behüten, beschützen [Person]; hüten [Herde, Schafe]; schützen [Stadt, Festung]; verwahren [Wertgegenstände]
    3) (have charge of) aufbewahren; verwahren
    4) (retain possession of) behalten; (not lose or destroy) aufheben [Quittung, Rechnung]

    you can keep it — (coll.): (I do not want it) das kannst du behalten od. dir an den Hut stecken (ugs.)

    5) (maintain) unterhalten, instandhalten [Gebäude, Straße usw.]; pflegen [Garten]
    6) (carry on, manage) unterhalten, führen, betreiben [Geschäft, Lokal, Bauernhof]
    7) halten [Schweine, Bienen, Hund, Katze usw]; sich (Dat.) halten [Diener, Auto]
    8) führen [Tagebuch, Liste usw.]
    9) (provide for) versorgen, unterhalten [Familie]

    keep somebody/oneself in cigarettes — etc. jemanden/sich mit Zigaretten usw. versorgen

    10) sich (Dat.) halten [Geliebte, Mätresse usw.]
    11) (have on sale) führen [Ware]

    keep a stock of something — etwas [am Lager] haben

    12) (maintain in quality, state, or position) halten [Rhythmus]

    keep something in one's head — etwas [im Kopf] behalten; sich (Dat.) etwas merken

    keep the office running smoothly — dafür sorgen, dass im Büro weiterhin alles reibungslos [ab]läuft

    keep something shut/tidy — etwas geschlossen/in Ordnung halten

    13) (detain) festhalten

    don't let me keep you — lass dich [von mir] nicht aufhalten

    14) (restrain, prevent)

    keep somebody from doing something — jemanden davon abhalten od. daran hindern, etwas zu tun

    15) (reserve) aufheben; aufsparen

    keep something for later — etc. sich (Dat.) etwas für später usw. aufheben od. aufsparen

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (remain in specified place, condition) bleiben

    keep warm/clean — sich warm/sauber halten

    how are you keeping? — (coll.) wie geht's [dir] denn so? (ugs.)

    2) (continue in course, direction, or action)

    keep [to the] left/[to the] right/straight on — sich links/rechts halten/immer geradeaus fahren/gehen usw.

    ‘keep left’ — (traffic sign) "links vorbeifahren"

    keep behind me — halte dich od. bleib hinter mir

    keep doing something — (not stop) etwas weiter tun; (repeatedly) etwas immer wieder tun; (constantly) etwas dauernd od. immer tun

    keep talking/working etc. until... — weiterreden/-arbeiten usw., bis...

    3) (remain good) [Lebensmittel:] sich halten

    what I have to say won't keep — was ich zu sagen habe, ist eilig od. eilt

    3. noun
    1) (maintenance) Unterhalt, der

    I get £100 a month and my keep — ich bekomme 100 Pfund monatlich und Logis

    2)

    for keeps — (coll.) auf Dauer; (to be retained) zum Behalten

    3) (Hist.): (tower) Bergfried, der
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: kept)
    = aufbewahren v.
    aufhalten v.
    behalten v.
    halten v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hielt, gehalten)

    English-german dictionary > keep

  • 8 Verweichlichung

    f turning soft; weitS. increasing wimpishness umg.; es führt zur Verweichlichung der Jugend etc. it’s turning our youth etc. into a bunch of softies
    * * *
    die Verweichlichung
    effeminacy
    * * *
    Ver|weich|li|chung
    f -, no pl
    softness

    Zentralheizung führt zur Verwéíchlichung — central heating makes you soft

    * * *
    Ver·weich·li·chung
    <->
    f kein pl softening no art, no pl
    * * *
    die; Verweichlichung, Verweichlichungen
    2) (Zustand) softness
    * * *
    Verweichlichung f turning soft; weitS. increasing wimpishness umg;
    es führt zur Verweichlichung der Jugend etc it’s turning our youth etc into a bunch of softies
    * * *
    die; Verweichlichung, Verweichlichungen
    2) (Zustand) softness
    * * *
    f.
    effeminacy n.
    softening n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Verweichlichung

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 רבי

    רבי, רָבָה, רָבֶה(b. h.) to be much, many; to grow, increase. Yoma 87b עונותינו רָבוּוכ׳ our sins are too many to be counted. Gen. R. s. 34 אצא ואהי פרה ורָבֶהוכ׳ I may go out (of the ark) and be multiplying and increasing for curse. Bekh.44b דםר׳ שחיןר׳ if the blood is allowed to increase (if bleeding is neglected), skin disease will develop; מי רגלים רָבִיןוכ׳ if one allows the urine to increase (through neglect) Sabb.33b בעון … צרות רָבוֹתוכ׳ for the sin of obscene talk troubles increase, and new evil decrees come Num. R. s. 11, v. פָּרָה II. Gen. R. s. 48 הכתבר׳וכ׳, v. כְּתָב Sot.47b משרבו … בדיןר׳וכ׳ when the whisperers in court (secret influences) increased, the anger (of God) against Israel increased. Snh.97a העזות תִּרְבֶּה impudence shall be large. Y.Yeb.IV, 6a bot., v. אל״ף; a. fr.Gen. R. s. 98 (play on בן פרת, Gen. 49:22) בן פירות רָבִיתָה ‘a child of fruits (through interpreting Pharaohs dream about the ears of corn) thou didst grow (to high office); בן פרות רביתה יוסף ‘a child of cows (through interpreting the dream about cows) thou didst grow; בן פורת (יוסף) רָבִיתָ יוסף ‘a child of growth, thou didst grow tall (so as to protect Rachel from Esaus sight; v. Gen. R. s. 78); Yalk. ib. 133 (read:) בן פורת יוסף פָּרִיתָ רבית יוסף. Pi. רִיבָּה 1) to increase, do much, do more. Gen. R. s. 34 ר׳ בטהורים יותרוכ׳ ordered a larger number of the clean animals to be taken into the ark than of the unclean. Tosef.Dem.IV, 12 ר׳ בעיר ולאר׳ במדינה if one offers a large quantity for sale, while none is offered in the country. Ib. 13 כל שר׳ לו מותר wherever one has a large quantity for sale, it is permitted (to buy of him); a. fr.Men.89a ר׳ שמןוכ׳, v. רְבִיכָה. 2) (hermeneutics) to use an additional word for the purpose of intimating something not otherwise included; to argue from an additional word or from a generalization in the Biblical text; to widen the scope of a law; to include. Ib. אם אתה מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ if thou wert to argue an entire day on the intimation of an increase lying in the words bashshemen (Lev. 6:14; 7:12), I should not listen to thee; Zeb.82a; Nidd.72b. Shebu.26a, v. מָעַט. Ib. 27a מדאצטריך או לְרַבּוֹתוכ׳ as the word אוֹ (Lev. 5:4) is needed for the inclusion of vows for the benefit of others. Pes.22b, v. אֵת. Snh.60b יכול שאני מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ you might think that I must include ; a. v. fr.(Yalk. Ex. 348 ר׳ כלוכ׳, v. רִיקֵן.Gen. R. s. 85 (ref. to Gen. 38:29) זה רִבָּה על כל הפריצים ממך יעמודו (not יעמוד) this event implies (the prophecy) that all conquerors shall rise from thee (Perez); Yalk. ib. 145. 3) to lend or borrow on usury (רִבִּית); to make a profit. Sifra Bhar, ch. VI, Par. 5; B. Mets.V, 1 (expl. תַּרְבִּית) המְרַבֶּה בפירות he who makes a profit on lending provisions. Tosef. ib. IV, 2 מְרַבִּין על השכר ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit on renting (lending money to the money-changer merely for exhibition), but you dare not make a profit on a sale (of land as security for a loan). B. Mets.V, 2 מרבין … ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit by a reduction of rent on account of payment in advance, but you dare not make a profit by increasing the price of an object sold on account of postponed payment; a. e. Hif. הִרְבָּה to cause increase; to strengthen; to do much. Ber.17a, v. מָעַט. Ab. I, 17 וכל המַרְבֶּה דבריםוכ׳ he that talks much brings about sin. Ib. II, 7 מרבה בשרוכ׳ making much flesh (indulging in eating) makes much food for worms; מרבה צרקהוכ׳ he that does much charity, does much for peace. Ber.40a מפרין ומרבין, v. פָּרָה II. Ib. 64a ת״ח מַרְבִּיםוכ׳ scholars advance peace in the world; a. fr.B. Bath.11b בני מבוי … שמרבה עליהן את הדרך the neighbors may prevent him, because he increases the use of the way too much for them (causes many people to step upon their ground); Tosef. ib. I, 4; Y. ib. II, 13b bot. דו יכיל מימר … והן מרבין עלינווכ׳ he may say to him, they go and come, ask for thee and cannot find thee, and thus they use the way too frequently for us. Nithpa. נִתְרַבָּה to be increased; with בגדים, to be clothed with the larger number of garments designated for the high priest, v. מְרוּבֶּה. Yoma 5a נ׳ שבעה if he wore the high priestly garments during the entire week of inauguration; נ׳ יום אחד if he wore them only one day.

    Jewish literature > רבי

  • 11 רבה

    רבי, רָבָה, רָבֶה(b. h.) to be much, many; to grow, increase. Yoma 87b עונותינו רָבוּוכ׳ our sins are too many to be counted. Gen. R. s. 34 אצא ואהי פרה ורָבֶהוכ׳ I may go out (of the ark) and be multiplying and increasing for curse. Bekh.44b דםר׳ שחיןר׳ if the blood is allowed to increase (if bleeding is neglected), skin disease will develop; מי רגלים רָבִיןוכ׳ if one allows the urine to increase (through neglect) Sabb.33b בעון … צרות רָבוֹתוכ׳ for the sin of obscene talk troubles increase, and new evil decrees come Num. R. s. 11, v. פָּרָה II. Gen. R. s. 48 הכתבר׳וכ׳, v. כְּתָב Sot.47b משרבו … בדיןר׳וכ׳ when the whisperers in court (secret influences) increased, the anger (of God) against Israel increased. Snh.97a העזות תִּרְבֶּה impudence shall be large. Y.Yeb.IV, 6a bot., v. אל״ף; a. fr.Gen. R. s. 98 (play on בן פרת, Gen. 49:22) בן פירות רָבִיתָה ‘a child of fruits (through interpreting Pharaohs dream about the ears of corn) thou didst grow (to high office); בן פרות רביתה יוסף ‘a child of cows (through interpreting the dream about cows) thou didst grow; בן פורת (יוסף) רָבִיתָ יוסף ‘a child of growth, thou didst grow tall (so as to protect Rachel from Esaus sight; v. Gen. R. s. 78); Yalk. ib. 133 (read:) בן פורת יוסף פָּרִיתָ רבית יוסף. Pi. רִיבָּה 1) to increase, do much, do more. Gen. R. s. 34 ר׳ בטהורים יותרוכ׳ ordered a larger number of the clean animals to be taken into the ark than of the unclean. Tosef.Dem.IV, 12 ר׳ בעיר ולאר׳ במדינה if one offers a large quantity for sale, while none is offered in the country. Ib. 13 כל שר׳ לו מותר wherever one has a large quantity for sale, it is permitted (to buy of him); a. fr.Men.89a ר׳ שמןוכ׳, v. רְבִיכָה. 2) (hermeneutics) to use an additional word for the purpose of intimating something not otherwise included; to argue from an additional word or from a generalization in the Biblical text; to widen the scope of a law; to include. Ib. אם אתה מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ if thou wert to argue an entire day on the intimation of an increase lying in the words bashshemen (Lev. 6:14; 7:12), I should not listen to thee; Zeb.82a; Nidd.72b. Shebu.26a, v. מָעַט. Ib. 27a מדאצטריך או לְרַבּוֹתוכ׳ as the word אוֹ (Lev. 5:4) is needed for the inclusion of vows for the benefit of others. Pes.22b, v. אֵת. Snh.60b יכול שאני מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ you might think that I must include ; a. v. fr.(Yalk. Ex. 348 ר׳ כלוכ׳, v. רִיקֵן.Gen. R. s. 85 (ref. to Gen. 38:29) זה רִבָּה על כל הפריצים ממך יעמודו (not יעמוד) this event implies (the prophecy) that all conquerors shall rise from thee (Perez); Yalk. ib. 145. 3) to lend or borrow on usury (רִבִּית); to make a profit. Sifra Bhar, ch. VI, Par. 5; B. Mets.V, 1 (expl. תַּרְבִּית) המְרַבֶּה בפירות he who makes a profit on lending provisions. Tosef. ib. IV, 2 מְרַבִּין על השכר ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit on renting (lending money to the money-changer merely for exhibition), but you dare not make a profit on a sale (of land as security for a loan). B. Mets.V, 2 מרבין … ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit by a reduction of rent on account of payment in advance, but you dare not make a profit by increasing the price of an object sold on account of postponed payment; a. e. Hif. הִרְבָּה to cause increase; to strengthen; to do much. Ber.17a, v. מָעַט. Ab. I, 17 וכל המַרְבֶּה דבריםוכ׳ he that talks much brings about sin. Ib. II, 7 מרבה בשרוכ׳ making much flesh (indulging in eating) makes much food for worms; מרבה צרקהוכ׳ he that does much charity, does much for peace. Ber.40a מפרין ומרבין, v. פָּרָה II. Ib. 64a ת״ח מַרְבִּיםוכ׳ scholars advance peace in the world; a. fr.B. Bath.11b בני מבוי … שמרבה עליהן את הדרך the neighbors may prevent him, because he increases the use of the way too much for them (causes many people to step upon their ground); Tosef. ib. I, 4; Y. ib. II, 13b bot. דו יכיל מימר … והן מרבין עלינווכ׳ he may say to him, they go and come, ask for thee and cannot find thee, and thus they use the way too frequently for us. Nithpa. נִתְרַבָּה to be increased; with בגדים, to be clothed with the larger number of garments designated for the high priest, v. מְרוּבֶּה. Yoma 5a נ׳ שבעה if he wore the high priestly garments during the entire week of inauguration; נ׳ יום אחד if he wore them only one day.

    Jewish literature > רבה

  • 12 רָבָה

    רבי, רָבָה, רָבֶה(b. h.) to be much, many; to grow, increase. Yoma 87b עונותינו רָבוּוכ׳ our sins are too many to be counted. Gen. R. s. 34 אצא ואהי פרה ורָבֶהוכ׳ I may go out (of the ark) and be multiplying and increasing for curse. Bekh.44b דםר׳ שחיןר׳ if the blood is allowed to increase (if bleeding is neglected), skin disease will develop; מי רגלים רָבִיןוכ׳ if one allows the urine to increase (through neglect) Sabb.33b בעון … צרות רָבוֹתוכ׳ for the sin of obscene talk troubles increase, and new evil decrees come Num. R. s. 11, v. פָּרָה II. Gen. R. s. 48 הכתבר׳וכ׳, v. כְּתָב Sot.47b משרבו … בדיןר׳וכ׳ when the whisperers in court (secret influences) increased, the anger (of God) against Israel increased. Snh.97a העזות תִּרְבֶּה impudence shall be large. Y.Yeb.IV, 6a bot., v. אל״ף; a. fr.Gen. R. s. 98 (play on בן פרת, Gen. 49:22) בן פירות רָבִיתָה ‘a child of fruits (through interpreting Pharaohs dream about the ears of corn) thou didst grow (to high office); בן פרות רביתה יוסף ‘a child of cows (through interpreting the dream about cows) thou didst grow; בן פורת (יוסף) רָבִיתָ יוסף ‘a child of growth, thou didst grow tall (so as to protect Rachel from Esaus sight; v. Gen. R. s. 78); Yalk. ib. 133 (read:) בן פורת יוסף פָּרִיתָ רבית יוסף. Pi. רִיבָּה 1) to increase, do much, do more. Gen. R. s. 34 ר׳ בטהורים יותרוכ׳ ordered a larger number of the clean animals to be taken into the ark than of the unclean. Tosef.Dem.IV, 12 ר׳ בעיר ולאר׳ במדינה if one offers a large quantity for sale, while none is offered in the country. Ib. 13 כל שר׳ לו מותר wherever one has a large quantity for sale, it is permitted (to buy of him); a. fr.Men.89a ר׳ שמןוכ׳, v. רְבִיכָה. 2) (hermeneutics) to use an additional word for the purpose of intimating something not otherwise included; to argue from an additional word or from a generalization in the Biblical text; to widen the scope of a law; to include. Ib. אם אתה מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ if thou wert to argue an entire day on the intimation of an increase lying in the words bashshemen (Lev. 6:14; 7:12), I should not listen to thee; Zeb.82a; Nidd.72b. Shebu.26a, v. מָעַט. Ib. 27a מדאצטריך או לְרַבּוֹתוכ׳ as the word אוֹ (Lev. 5:4) is needed for the inclusion of vows for the benefit of others. Pes.22b, v. אֵת. Snh.60b יכול שאני מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ you might think that I must include ; a. v. fr.(Yalk. Ex. 348 ר׳ כלוכ׳, v. רִיקֵן.Gen. R. s. 85 (ref. to Gen. 38:29) זה רִבָּה על כל הפריצים ממך יעמודו (not יעמוד) this event implies (the prophecy) that all conquerors shall rise from thee (Perez); Yalk. ib. 145. 3) to lend or borrow on usury (רִבִּית); to make a profit. Sifra Bhar, ch. VI, Par. 5; B. Mets.V, 1 (expl. תַּרְבִּית) המְרַבֶּה בפירות he who makes a profit on lending provisions. Tosef. ib. IV, 2 מְרַבִּין על השכר ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit on renting (lending money to the money-changer merely for exhibition), but you dare not make a profit on a sale (of land as security for a loan). B. Mets.V, 2 מרבין … ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit by a reduction of rent on account of payment in advance, but you dare not make a profit by increasing the price of an object sold on account of postponed payment; a. e. Hif. הִרְבָּה to cause increase; to strengthen; to do much. Ber.17a, v. מָעַט. Ab. I, 17 וכל המַרְבֶּה דבריםוכ׳ he that talks much brings about sin. Ib. II, 7 מרבה בשרוכ׳ making much flesh (indulging in eating) makes much food for worms; מרבה צרקהוכ׳ he that does much charity, does much for peace. Ber.40a מפרין ומרבין, v. פָּרָה II. Ib. 64a ת״ח מַרְבִּיםוכ׳ scholars advance peace in the world; a. fr.B. Bath.11b בני מבוי … שמרבה עליהן את הדרך the neighbors may prevent him, because he increases the use of the way too much for them (causes many people to step upon their ground); Tosef. ib. I, 4; Y. ib. II, 13b bot. דו יכיל מימר … והן מרבין עלינווכ׳ he may say to him, they go and come, ask for thee and cannot find thee, and thus they use the way too frequently for us. Nithpa. נִתְרַבָּה to be increased; with בגדים, to be clothed with the larger number of garments designated for the high priest, v. מְרוּבֶּה. Yoma 5a נ׳ שבעה if he wore the high priestly garments during the entire week of inauguration; נ׳ יום אחד if he wore them only one day.

    Jewish literature > רָבָה

  • 13 רָבֶה

    רבי, רָבָה, רָבֶה(b. h.) to be much, many; to grow, increase. Yoma 87b עונותינו רָבוּוכ׳ our sins are too many to be counted. Gen. R. s. 34 אצא ואהי פרה ורָבֶהוכ׳ I may go out (of the ark) and be multiplying and increasing for curse. Bekh.44b דםר׳ שחיןר׳ if the blood is allowed to increase (if bleeding is neglected), skin disease will develop; מי רגלים רָבִיןוכ׳ if one allows the urine to increase (through neglect) Sabb.33b בעון … צרות רָבוֹתוכ׳ for the sin of obscene talk troubles increase, and new evil decrees come Num. R. s. 11, v. פָּרָה II. Gen. R. s. 48 הכתבר׳וכ׳, v. כְּתָב Sot.47b משרבו … בדיןר׳וכ׳ when the whisperers in court (secret influences) increased, the anger (of God) against Israel increased. Snh.97a העזות תִּרְבֶּה impudence shall be large. Y.Yeb.IV, 6a bot., v. אל״ף; a. fr.Gen. R. s. 98 (play on בן פרת, Gen. 49:22) בן פירות רָבִיתָה ‘a child of fruits (through interpreting Pharaohs dream about the ears of corn) thou didst grow (to high office); בן פרות רביתה יוסף ‘a child of cows (through interpreting the dream about cows) thou didst grow; בן פורת (יוסף) רָבִיתָ יוסף ‘a child of growth, thou didst grow tall (so as to protect Rachel from Esaus sight; v. Gen. R. s. 78); Yalk. ib. 133 (read:) בן פורת יוסף פָּרִיתָ רבית יוסף. Pi. רִיבָּה 1) to increase, do much, do more. Gen. R. s. 34 ר׳ בטהורים יותרוכ׳ ordered a larger number of the clean animals to be taken into the ark than of the unclean. Tosef.Dem.IV, 12 ר׳ בעיר ולאר׳ במדינה if one offers a large quantity for sale, while none is offered in the country. Ib. 13 כל שר׳ לו מותר wherever one has a large quantity for sale, it is permitted (to buy of him); a. fr.Men.89a ר׳ שמןוכ׳, v. רְבִיכָה. 2) (hermeneutics) to use an additional word for the purpose of intimating something not otherwise included; to argue from an additional word or from a generalization in the Biblical text; to widen the scope of a law; to include. Ib. אם אתה מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ if thou wert to argue an entire day on the intimation of an increase lying in the words bashshemen (Lev. 6:14; 7:12), I should not listen to thee; Zeb.82a; Nidd.72b. Shebu.26a, v. מָעַט. Ib. 27a מדאצטריך או לְרַבּוֹתוכ׳ as the word אוֹ (Lev. 5:4) is needed for the inclusion of vows for the benefit of others. Pes.22b, v. אֵת. Snh.60b יכול שאני מְרַבֶּהוכ׳ you might think that I must include ; a. v. fr.(Yalk. Ex. 348 ר׳ כלוכ׳, v. רִיקֵן.Gen. R. s. 85 (ref. to Gen. 38:29) זה רִבָּה על כל הפריצים ממך יעמודו (not יעמוד) this event implies (the prophecy) that all conquerors shall rise from thee (Perez); Yalk. ib. 145. 3) to lend or borrow on usury (רִבִּית); to make a profit. Sifra Bhar, ch. VI, Par. 5; B. Mets.V, 1 (expl. תַּרְבִּית) המְרַבֶּה בפירות he who makes a profit on lending provisions. Tosef. ib. IV, 2 מְרַבִּין על השכר ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit on renting (lending money to the money-changer merely for exhibition), but you dare not make a profit on a sale (of land as security for a loan). B. Mets.V, 2 מרבין … ואין מרביןוכ׳ you may make a profit by a reduction of rent on account of payment in advance, but you dare not make a profit by increasing the price of an object sold on account of postponed payment; a. e. Hif. הִרְבָּה to cause increase; to strengthen; to do much. Ber.17a, v. מָעַט. Ab. I, 17 וכל המַרְבֶּה דבריםוכ׳ he that talks much brings about sin. Ib. II, 7 מרבה בשרוכ׳ making much flesh (indulging in eating) makes much food for worms; מרבה צרקהוכ׳ he that does much charity, does much for peace. Ber.40a מפרין ומרבין, v. פָּרָה II. Ib. 64a ת״ח מַרְבִּיםוכ׳ scholars advance peace in the world; a. fr.B. Bath.11b בני מבוי … שמרבה עליהן את הדרך the neighbors may prevent him, because he increases the use of the way too much for them (causes many people to step upon their ground); Tosef. ib. I, 4; Y. ib. II, 13b bot. דו יכיל מימר … והן מרבין עלינווכ׳ he may say to him, they go and come, ask for thee and cannot find thee, and thus they use the way too frequently for us. Nithpa. נִתְרַבָּה to be increased; with בגדים, to be clothed with the larger number of garments designated for the high priest, v. מְרוּבֶּה. Yoma 5a נ׳ שבעה if he wore the high priestly garments during the entire week of inauguration; נ׳ יום אחד if he wore them only one day.

    Jewish literature > רָבֶה

  • 14 paso

    adj.
    dried.
    intj.
    open up, gangway.
    m.
    1 passing.
    el paso del tiempo the passage of time
    con el paso de los años as the years go by
    el Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragoza
    su paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the university
    abrirse paso entre la multitud to make o force one's way through the crowd
    de paso in passing; (de pasada) while I'm/you're/etc at it (aprovechando)
    paso del ecuador = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course
    2 step.
    dar un paso adelante o al frente to step forward, to take a step forward
    3 walk.
    a paso ligero at a brisk pace
    marcar el paso to keep time
    a este paso no acabaremos nunca at this rate we'll never finish
    4 step (etapa, acontecimiento).
    dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary steps
    paso a paso step by step
    5 crossing (cruce).
    paso de cebra zebra crossing (British), = pedestrian crossing marked with black and white lines
    paso fronterizo border crossing (point)
    paso peatonal o de peatones pedestrian crossing
    7 step in a process, stride, move.
    8 passage, pass, crossing point.
    9 pace, walking pace.
    10 gateway.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: pasar.
    * * *
    1 (movimiento) step, footstep
    ■ ¡no des ni un paso más! don't move another step!
    3 (camino) passage, way
    4 (avance) progress, advance
    5 (trámite) step, move
    6 (de montaña) mountain pass; (de mar) strait
    \
    a cada paso at every turn
    a paso de tortuga at a snail's pace
    abrirse paso to force one's way through
    apretar el paso to hurry
    cerrarle el paso a alguien to block somebody' s way
    dar paso a (hacer posible) to pave the way for 2 (provocar) to give rise to 3 (dejar pasar) to let through, make way for 4 (pasar a) to move on to
    dar sus primeros pasos to start walking
    dar un paso en falso (al andar) to lose one's footing 2 (equivocarse) to make a false move
    estar a un paso/a dos pasos to be very close
    estar de paso to be passing through
    hacer algo de paso to do something as well
    ■ de paso, tráeme tabaco while you're there, get me some cigarettes
    no dar un paso sin... not to do a thing without...
    paso a paso step by step
    salir al paso de alguien to waylay somebody
    salir al paso de algo to forestall something
    seguirle los pasos a alguien to follow somebody close behind 2 figurado to follow in somebody's footsteps
    ceda el paso (señal) give way sign, US yield sign
    paso a nivel level crossing, US grade crossing
    paso de cebra zebra crossing
    paso de peatones pedestrian crossing
    paso elevado flyover
    * * *
    noun m.
    3) pace
    4) way
    * * *
    I
    ADJ dried
    II
    1. SM
    1) (=acción de pasar)

    el presidente, a su paso por nuestra ciudad... — the president, during his visit to our city...

    • ceder el paso — to give way, yield (EEUU)

    ceda el paso — give way, yield (EEUU)

    • dar paso a algo, el invierno dio paso a la primavera — winter gave way to spring

    • de paso, mencionaron el tema solo de paso — they only mentioned the matter in passing

    ¿puedes ir al supermercado, de paso que vas a la farmacia? — could you go to the supermarket on your way to the chemist's?

    • entrar de paso — to drop in

    • estar de paso — to be passing through

    paso del Ecuador — party or trip organized by university students to celebrate the halfway stage in their degree course

    paso franco, paso libre — free passage

    ave
    2) (=camino) way; (Arquit) passage; (Geog) pass; (Náut) strait

    ¡paso! — make way!

    • abrirse paso — to make one's way

    • cerrar el paso — to block the way

    • dejar el paso libre — to leave the way open

    • impedir el paso — to block the way

    paso a desnivel, paso a distinto nivel — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

    paso a nivel — level crossing, grade crossing (EEUU)

    paso (de) cebra — Esp zebra crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)

    paso de peatones — pedestrian crossing, crosswalk (EEUU)

    paso elevado — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

    paso inferior — underpass, subway

    paso subterráneo — underpass, subway

    paso superior — (Aut) flyover, overpass (EEUU)

    3) [al andar] (=acción) step; (=ruido) footstep; (=huella) footprint

    • coger el paso — to fall into step

    • dar un paso — to take a step

    ¿ha dado ya sus primeros pasos? — has she taken her first steps yet?

    • dirigir sus pasos hacia — to head towards

    • dar un paso en falso — (=tropezar) to miss one's footing; (=equivocarse) to make a false move

    • hacer pasos — (Baloncesto) to travel (with the ball)

    • volvió sobre sus pasos — she retraced her steps

    paso adelante — (lit, fig) step forward

    paso atrás — (lit, fig) step backwards

    4) (=modo de andar) [de persona] walk, gait; [de caballo] gait

    • acelerar el paso — to go faster, speed up

    • aflojar el paso — to slow down

    • apretar o avivar el paso — to go faster, speed up

    • a buen paso — at a good pace

    • establecer el paso — to make the pace, set the pace

    • a paso lento — at a slow pace, slowly

    • a paso ligero — [gen] at a swift pace; (Mil) at the double

    • llevar el paso — to keep in step, keep time

    • marcar el paso — [gen] to keep time; (Mil) to mark time

    • a paso redoblado — LAm (Mil) at the double

    • romper el paso — to break step

    paso de ambladura, paso de andadura — (Equitación) amble

    5) (=ritmo) rate, pace

    • a este paso — at this rate

    6) (=distancia)
    7) (=avance) step
    8) (Téc) [de tornillo] pitch; [de contador, teléfono] unit
    9) (Teat) ( Hist) sketch, interlude
    10) (Rel) [en procesión] float in Holy Week procession, with statues representing part of Easter story
    See:
    ver nota culturelle SEMANA SANTA in semana
    11)

    paso de armas — (Mil, Hist) passage of arms

    12) LAm (=vado) ford
    2.
    ADV softly, gently

    ¡paso! — not so fast!, easy there!

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción)

    de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...

    b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way

    ceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)

    abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way

    salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody

    2) (Geog) ( en montaña) pass

    salir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

    3)
    a) (al andar, bailar) step

    andar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals

    a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds

    dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out

    dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move

    seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps

    b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)
    4)

    vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house

    está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here

    b) ( avance) step forward
    c) ( de gestión) step
    5) ( en contador) unit
    6)
    a) (ritmo, velocidad)

    apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down

    a este paso... — at this rate...

    a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace

    b) (Equ)
    •
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( acción)

    de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through; de paso puedo comprar pan I can buy some bread on the way; fui a la oficina y de paso hablé con él I went to the office and while I was there I had a word with him; me pilla de paso it's on my way; y dicho sea de paso... — and incidentally...

    b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way

    ceda el paso — yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)

    abrirse paso — to make one's way; ( a codazos) to elbow one's way

    salir al paso de alguien — ( abordar) to waylay somebody; ( detener) to stop somebody

    2) (Geog) ( en montaña) pass

    salir del paso — to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

    3)
    a) (al andar, bailar) step

    andar en malos pasos — to be mixed up in shady deals

    a pasos agigantados — by leaps and bounds

    dar los primeros pasos — ( literal) to take one's first steps; ( iniciarse en algo) to start out

    dar un paso en falso — ( literal) to stumble; ( equivocarse) to make a false move

    seguir los pasos de alguien — to follow in somebody's footsteps

    b) pasos masculino plural ( en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)
    4)

    vive a dos pasos de mi casa — he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house

    está a un paso de aquí — it's just around the corner/down the road from here

    b) ( avance) step forward
    c) ( de gestión) step
    5) ( en contador) unit
    6)
    a) (ritmo, velocidad)

    apretó/aminoró el paso — he quickened his pace/he slowed down

    a este paso... — at this rate...

    a paso de hormiga or tortuga — at a snail's pace

    b) (Equ)
    •
    * * *
    paso1
    1 = footstep, step, footprint, pace.

    Ex: Leforte could usually identify those footsteps easily; but today they sounded less forceful and deliberate.

    Ex: The first step in assigning intellectual responsibility to a corporate body must be a definition of a corporate body.
    Ex: In later years, the famous book mythological significance of muddy footprints introduced me to the ancient Hippopotamian culture.
    Ex: Among other buildings afire or still smoldering in eastern Baghdad today were the city hall and the National Library which was so thoroughly burned that heat still radiated 50 paces from its front doors.
    * abrir paso a = make + way (for).
    * abrirse paso = jostle, break through, elbow + Posesivo + way into, elbow into.
    * acelerar el paso = quicken + the pace, smarten + Posesivo + pace.
    * a este paso = at this rate.
    * aflojar el paso = slow down, slow up.
    * aminorar el paso = slow down, slow up.
    * a paso de tortuga = at a snail's pace.
    * a paso ligero = on the double.
    * a pasos agigantados = at an exponential rate, at exponential rates, by leaps and bounds.
    * a un paso = within a stone's throw (away/from).
    * a un paso asombroso = at an astounding pace.
    * a un paso de = a heartbeat away from.
    * a un paso rápido = at a rapid pace.
    * a un paso relajado = at a strolling pace.
    * barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.
    * caminar con paso pesado = plod (along/through).
    * ceder el paso = give + way (to), yield + the right of way.
    * contador de pasos = step counter.
    * dar el primer paso = make + a start, take + the first step.
    * dar los pasos necesarios = take + steps.
    * dar los primeros pasos en = venture into.
    * dar otro paso muy importante = reach + another milestone.
    * dar paso (a) = give + way (to), yield to, make + way (for).
    * dar un gran paso adelante = reach + milestone.
    * dar un paso = make + step.
    * dar un paso adelante = step up.
    * dar un paso al frente = step up.
    * dar un paso en falso = make + a false move.
    * dar un paso hacia delante = take + a step forward, step up.
    * dejar paso = step + aside.
    * dejar paso (a) = give + way (to).
    * derecho de paso = the right of way, right of entry.
    * desandar los pasos de = retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, retrace + Posesivo + steps.
    * hacer que + Nombre + dé un paso hacia delante = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.
    * impedir el paso = block in.
    * llave de paso = spigot, faucet, tap, stopcock, stop valve.
    * llave de paso del agua = water valve.
    * llevar a cabo una serie de pasos anteriormente realizados = execute + steps.
    * obstaculizar el paso = block in.
    * otro paso más hacia + Posesivo + destrucción = another nail in + Posesivo + coffin.
    * paso adelante = step up.
    * paso a nivel = level-crossing.
    * paso a paso = one step at a time, step by step, stage by stage, stepwise.
    * paso atrás = backward step, retrograde step.
    * paso de cebra = zebra crossing.
    * paso de la gente = flow of people.
    * paso del comercio = flow of commerce.
    * Paso del Noroeste, el = North West Passage, the.
    * paso de peatones = zebra crossing, pedestrian crossing, pelican crossing.
    * paso de tortuga = snail's pace.
    * paso en falso = false move.
    * paso fronterizo = border crossing.
    * paso hacia adelante = step forward.
    * paso hacia atrás = retrograde step, step backward(s), step back.
    * paso inferior = underpass.
    * paso ininterrumpido de = steady flow of.
    * paso intermedio = half-way house, stepping stone.
    * paso peatonal = pedestrian crossing.
    * paso subterráneo = underground walkway.
    * Posesivo + primeros pasos = Posesivo + first steps.
    * preferencia de paso = the right of way.
    * primer paso = stake in the ground.
    * primer paso de, el = thin edge of the wedge, the.
    * realizar una tarea paso a paso = go through.
    * saltarse pasos intermedios = jump + steps.
    * seguir los pasos de = follow in + the footsteps of.
    * seguir + Posesivo + pasos = follow in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * seguir unos pasos = follow + steps.
    * señal de prohibido el paso = No Entry sign.
    * ser un gran paso adelante = be half the battle.
    * tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.
    * tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.
    * un paso por delante de = one step ahead of.
    * válvula de paso = stop valve, stopcock.
    * volver sobre los pasos de Uno = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + steps.

    paso2
    2 = stage, passing.

    Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.

    Ex: Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.
    * ave de paso = bird of passage.
    * cambiar con el paso del tiempo = change over + time.
    * con el paso de = with the passing of.
    * con el paso de los años = with the passing of (the) years.
    * con el paso del tiempo = over the years, over time, with the passage of time, as time goes by, in due course, over a period of time, in the course of time, over the course of time, in the process of time, as time passed (by), as time passes (by), as time went by.
    * de paso = by the way, by the by(e).
    * deteriorado por el paso del tiempo = timeworn.
    * dicho sea de paso = by the way, on a sidenote, by the by(e).
    * el paso del tiempo = the passage of time, the sands of time.
    * en varios pasos = multi-step.
    * llave de paso = shut-off valve.
    * paso elevado = overpass.
    * paso elevado de peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso elevado para peatones = pedestrian overpass.
    * paso inferior = subway.
    * paso inferior de peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso inferior para peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso subterráneo = underpass, subway.
    * paso subterráneo de peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * paso subterráneo para peatones = pedestrian underpass.
    * quedar anulado con el paso del tiempo = be overtaken by events.
    * resistir el paso del tiempo = stand + the test of time, withstand + the test of time, survive + the test of time, pass + the test of time.
    * válvula de paso = shut-off valve.

    paso3
    3 = transfer, transition, changeover [change-over], handover [hand-over].

    Ex: When the record transfer is complete, the catalog summary screen is shown for the new record so that the user can review and update it.

    Ex: Hierarchical relationships must be indicated in order that users may make the transition from a first access point to related terms or access points.
    Ex: The changeover has resulted in more rapid machine-editing of input and reduced costs for cataloguing.
    Ex: The author assesses the prospects of Hong Kong after the handover of the colony to China in 1997 when it will once again be competing with Shanghai as the publishing hub of the Orient.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (acción): las compuertas controlan el paso del agua the hatches control the flow of water
    a su paso por la ciudad el río se ensancha the river widens as it flows through the city
    el paso de los camiones había causado grietas en la calzada cracks had appeared in the road surface caused by the passage of so many trucks o because of all the trucks using it
    hizo frente a todo lo que encontró a su paso he faced up to every obstacle in his path
    con el paso del tiempo se desgastó la piedra the stone got worn down with time o with the passing o passage of time
    [ S ] ceda el paso yield ( in US), give way ( in UK)
    [ S ] prohibido el paso no entry
    al paso (en ajedrez) en passant
    de paso: no viven aquí, están de paso they don't live here, they're just visiting o they're just passing through
    de paso puedo dejarles el paquete I can drop the package off on my way
    lo mencionó pero sólo de paso he mentioned it but only in passing
    lleva esto a la oficina y de paso habla con la secretaria take this to the office and while you're there have a word with the secretary
    te lo recogeré si quieres, me pilla de paso I'll pick it up for you if you like, it's on my way
    archiva estas fichas y de paso comprueba todas las direcciones file these cards and while you're at it o about it check all the addresses
    y dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …
    2 (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way
    abran paso make way
    se puso en medio y me cerró el paso she stood in front of me and blocked my way
    por aquí no hay paso you can't get through this way
    dejen el paso libre leave the way clear
    abrirse paso to make one's way
    el sol se abría paso entre las nubes the sun was breaking through the clouds
    consiguió abrirse paso a codazos entre la gente she managed to elbow her way through the crowd
    no te será difícil abrirte paso en la vida you won't have any problems making your way in life o getting on in life
    salir al paso de algn to waylay sb
    salir al paso de algo to forestall sth
    salir del paso to get out of a (tight) spot o ( AmE) crack ( colloq)
    Compuestos:
    grade crossing ( AmE), level crossing ( BrE)
    zebra crossing, crosswalk ( AmE)
    ( Méx) catwalk
    crosswalk ( AmE), pedestrian crossing ( BrE)
    overpass ( AmE), flyover ( BrE)
    border crossing
    (para peatones) underpass, subway ( BrE); (para vehículos) underpass
    C
    dio un paso para atrás he took a step backward(s), he stepped backward(s)
    ¡un paso al frente! one step forward!
    camina 50 pasos al norte walk 50 paces to the north
    dirigió sus pasos hacia la puerta she walked toward(s) the door
    oyó pasos en el piso de arriba she heard footsteps on the floor above
    con paso firme subió las escaleras he climbed the stairs purposefully
    no da un paso sin consultar a su marido she won't do anything without asking her husband first
    paso a paso step by step
    siguieron el juicio paso a paso they followed the trial step by step
    paso a paso se fue abriendo camino en la empresa he gradually worked his way up in the company
    me lo explicó paso por paso she explained it to me step by step
    a cada paso at every turn
    a pasos agigantados by leaps and bounds
    la informática avanza a pasos agigantados information technology is advancing by leaps and bounds, enormous strides are being made in information technology
    dar los primeros pasos (literal) to take one's first steps, start to walk; (iniciarse en algo) to start out
    dio sus primeros pasos como actor en televisión he started out o made his debut as a television actor
    dar un paso en falso (literal) to stumble; (equivocarse) to make a false move
    dar un paso en falso en política puede conducir al desastre one false move o putting one foot wrong in politics can lead to disaster
    seguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footsteps
    volver sobre sus pasos to retrace one's steps
    2
    (distancia corta): vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house
    estuvo a un paso de la muerte she was at death's door
    ánimo, ya estamos a un paso come on, we're nearly there now
    está a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner o down the road from here
    de ahí a convertirse en drogadicto no hay más que un paso it's only a short step from there to becoming a drug addict
    3 (logro, avance) step forward
    el que te haya llamado ya es un paso (adelante) the fact that he's called you is a step forward in itself
    supone un gran paso en la lucha contra la enfermedad it is a great step forward o a great advance in the fight against the illness
    hemos dado los pasos necesarios we have taken the necessary steps
    5 (de baile) step
    6 pasos mpl (en baloncesto) traveling*, steps (pl)
    hacer pasos to travel
    D
    1 (de un tornillo, una rosca) pitch
    E
    1
    (ritmo, velocidad): aminoró el paso he slowed down
    al ver que la seguían apretó el paso when she realized she was being followed she quickened her pace
    el tren iba a buen paso the train was going at a fair speed
    a este paso no llegamos ni a las diez at this rate we won't even get there by ten o'clock
    a este paso te vas a poner enfermo if you carry on like this, you'll get ill, at this rate o (if you carry on) the way you're going, you'll get ill
    escribía los nombres al paso que yo se los leía she wrote down the names as I read them out to her
    a paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pace
    llevar el paso to keep in step
    marcar el paso to mark time
    en ese colegio te van a hacer marcar el paso they'll make you toe the line at that school
    2 ( Equ):
    al paso at a walking pace
    Compuesto:
    paso ligero or redoblado
    a paso ligero or redoblado double quick, in double time
    paso2 -sa
    * * *

     

    Del verbo pasar: ( conjugate pasar)

    paso es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    pasó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    pasar    
    paso
    pasar ( conjugate pasar) verbo intransitivo
    1
    a) ( ir por un lugar) to come/go past;

    ◊ no ha pasado ni un taxi not one taxi has come/gone past;

    los otros coches no podían paso the other cars weren't able to get past;
    no dejan paso a nadie they're not letting anyone through;
    paso de largo to go right o straight past;
    paso por la aduana to go through customs;
    es un vuelo directo, no pasa por Miami it's a direct flight, it doesn't go via Miami;
    ¿este autobús pasa por el museo? does this bus go past the museum?;
    pasamos por delante de su casa we went past her house;
    pasaba por aquí y … I was just passing by o I was in the area and …

    ◊ ¿podríamos paso por el banco? can we stop off at the bank?;

    pasa un día por casa why don't you drop o come by the house sometime?;
    puede paso a recogerlo mañana you can come and pick it up tomorrow

    ◊ paso de un lado a otro [persona/barco] to go o cross from one side to the other;


    [ humedad] to go through from one side to the other
    d) ( caber):


    2 ( entrar — acercándose al hablante) to come in;
    (— alejándose del hablante) to go in;
    ◊ pase, por favor please, do come in;

    ¡que pase el siguiente! next, please!;
    haga paso al Sr Díaz show Mr Díaz in please
    3
    a) (transmitirse, transferirse) [corona/título] to pass;


    b) ( comunicar):

    ◊ te paso con Javier ( en el mismo teléfono) I'll hand o pass you over to Javier;


    ( en otro teléfono) I'll put you through to Javier
    4
    a) (Educ) to pass;

    ◊ paso de curso to get through o pass one's end-of-year exams


    ◊ no está perfecto, pero puede paso it's not perfect, but it'll do;

    por esta vez, (que) pase I'll let it pass o go this time
    5



    ver tb hacerse II 3


    ( suceder) to happen;

    lo que pasa es que… the thing o the problem is …;
    pase lo que pase whatever happens, come what may;
    siempre pasa igual or lo mismo it's always the same;
    ¿qué pasa? what's the matter?, what's up? (colloq);
    ¿qué te pasa? what's the matter with you?;
    ¿qué te pasó en el ojo? what happened to your eye?;
    ¿qué le pasa a la tele? what's wrong with the TV?;
    eso le pasa a cualquiera that can happen to anybody;
    no le pasó nada nothing happened to him
    1 ( transcurrir) [tiempo/años] to pass, go by;
    ◊ pasoon muchos años many years went by o passed;

    ya han pasado dos horas it's been two hours now;
    un año pasa muy rápido a year goes very quickly;
    ¡cómo pasa el tiempo! doesn't time fly!
    2 ( cesar) [crisis/mal momento] to be over;
    [ efecto] to wear off;
    [ dolor] to go away
    3 ( arreglárselas) paso sin algo to manage without sth
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) (cruzar, atravesar) ‹ frontera› to cross;

    ‹pueblo/ciudad› to go through
    b) ( dejar atrás) ‹edificio/calle› to go past

    c) (adelantar, sobrepasar) to overtake

    2
    a) ( hacer atravesar) paso algo POR algo to put sth through sth;


    b) (por la aduana —legalmente) to take through;

    (— ilegalmente) to smuggle
    3 ( hacer recorrer):

    pásale un trapo al piso give the floor a quick wipe;
    hay que pasole una plancha it needs a quick iron
    4 (exhibir, mostrar) ‹película/anuncio› to show
    5 ‹examen/prueba› to pass
    6 ‹página/hoja› to turn;
    ◊ paso por alto ‹falta/error› to overlook;


    ‹tema/punto› to leave out, omit
    1 (entregar, hacer llegar):

    ¿me pasas el martillo? can you pass me the hammer?
    2 ( contagiar) to give, to pass on
    1
    a) ‹ tiempo› to spend;


    fuimos a Toledo a paso el día we went to Toledo for the day


    pasa todo el día al teléfono she spends all day on the phone
    c) pasarlo or pasarla bien to have a good time;

    ◊ ¿qué tal lo pasaste en la fiesta? did you have a good time at the party?, did you enjoy the party?;

    lo pasé mal I didn't enjoy myself
    2 (sufrir, padecer) ‹penalidades/desgracias› to go through, to suffer;
    ◊ pasé mucho miedo/frío I was very frightened/cold

    pasarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( cambiarse):

    2


    esta vez te has pasado (fam) you've gone too far this time
    b) ( enf) (fam) (ir):


    ¿podrías pasote por el mercado? could you go down to the market?
    3
    a) [peras/tomates] to go bad, get overripe;

    [carne/pescado] to go off, go bad;
    [ leche] to go off, go sour
    b) (recocerse) [arroz/pasta] to get overcooked

    1

    [ dolor] to go away;
    (+ me/te/le etc)
    ◊ ya se me pasó el dolor the pain's gone o eased now;

    espera a que se le pase el enojo wait until he's calmed o cooled down


    ver tb pasar verbo transitivo III 1
    2 (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) ( olvidarse):




    paso sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) ( acción):


    el paso del tiempo the passage of time;
    el paso de la dictadura a la democracia the transition from dictatorship to democracy;
    de paso: están de paso they're just visiting o just passing through;
    me pilla de paso it's on my way;
    y dicho sea de paso … and incidentally …
    b) (camino, posibilidad de pasar) way;

    ◊ abrir/dejar paso (a algn/algo) to make way (for sth/sb);

    me cerró el paso she blocked my way;
    dejen el paso libre leave the way clear;

    ( on signs) ceda el paso yield ( in US), give way ( in UK);
    ( on signs) prohibido el paso no entry;

    paso de peatones crosswalk (AmE), pedestrian crossing (BrE);
    paso a nivel grade (AmE) o (BrE) level crossing;
    paso elevado or (Méx) a desnivel overpass (AmE), flyover (BrE);
    paso subterráneo ( para peatones) underpass, subway (BrE);

    ( para vehículos) underpass;


    ( a codazos) to elbow one's way;


    ( detener) to stop sb
    2 (Geog) ( en montaña) pass;
    ◊ salir del paso to get out of a (tight) spot o (AmE) crack (colloq)

    3
    a) (al andar, bailar) step;


    oyó pasos she heard footsteps;
    entró con paso firme he came in purposefully;
    paso a paso step by step;
    seguirle los pasos a algn to tail sb;
    seguir los pasos de algn to follow in sb's footsteps

    ◊ vive a dos pasos de mi casa he lives a stone's throw (away) from my house;

    está a un paso de aquí it's just around the corner/down the road from here



    4 (ritmo, velocidad):
    ◊ apretó/aminoró el paso he quickened his pace/he slowed down;

    a este paso … at this rate …;
    a paso de hormiga or tortuga at a snail's pace;
    marcar el paso to mark time
    5 ( en contador) unit
    pasar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to pass
    2 (trasladar) to move
    3 (dar) to pass, give: no me pasó el recado, he didn't give me the message
    4 (hojas de libro) to turn
    5 (el tiempo, la vida) to spend, pass
    6 (soportar, sufrir) to suffer, endure: está pasando una crisis personal, she's going through a personal crisis
    pasamos sed y calor, we suffered thirst and heat
    7 (río, calle, frontera) to cross
    8 (tragar) to swallow
    9 (tolerar, aguantar) to bear
    10 (introducir) to insert, put through
    11 (un examen, una eliminatoria) to pass
    12 Cine to run, show: este sábado pasan Ben Hur, they're putting Ben Hur on this Saturday
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to pass: ¿a qué hora pasa el tren?, what time does the train pass?
    Cervantes pasó por aquí, Cervantes passed this way
    ya pasó, it has already passed
    pasar de largo, to go by (without stopping)
    2 (entrar) to come in
    3 (ser tolerable) to be acceptable: no está mal, puede pasar, it isn't bad, it will do
    4 (exceder) to surpass: no pases de los 70 km/h, don't exceed 70 km/h
    5 (a otro asunto) to go on to
    pasar a ser, to become
    6 (tiempo) to pass, go by
    7 (arreglarse, apañarse) pasar sin, to do without: puedo pasar sin coche, I can manage without a car
    8 fam (no tener interés, prescindir) pasa de lo que digan, don't mind what they say
    paso de ir al cine, I'll give the cinema a miss
    9 (suceder) to happen: ¿qué pasa?, what's going on?
    ¿qué le pasa?, what's the matter with him?
    pase lo que pase, whatever happens o come what may
    ♦ Locuciones: pasar algo a limpio, to make a fair copy of sthg
    pasarlo bien/mal, to have a good/difficult time
    pasar por, to put up with: paso por que me digas que estoy gorda, pero no pienso tolerar que me amargues cada comida, I can handle you calling me fat, but I'm not having you ruin every single meal for me
    pasar por alto, to overlook: pasaré por alto esa observación, I'll just ignore that remark
    paso sustantivo masculino
    1 step: caminaban a paso ligero, they walked quickly
    (sonido de pisadas) footstep
    (de un baile) step
    2 (camino, pasillo) passage, way
    Auto ceda el paso, give way
    paso a nivel, level o US grade crossing
    paso de cebra, zebra crossing
    paso de peatones, pedestrian crossing, US crosswalk
    paso subterráneo, (para peatones) subway
    (para vehículos) underpass
    prohibido el paso, no entry
    3 (acción) passage, passing: estamos de paso en la ciudad, we are just passing through the town
    a su paso por la Universidad, when he was at University
    el lento paso de las horas, the slow passing of the hours
    4 Tel unit
    5 Geol (entre montañas) mountain pass
    6 Náut strait
    ♦ Locuciones: abrirse paso, (entre la multitud, maleza) to make one's way, (en la vida) to get ahead
    salir del paso, to get out of trouble
    a cada paso, constantly, every other minute
    ' paso' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apretar
    - arramblar
    - atravesar
    - bando
    - bloquear
    - cabeza
    - cada
    - calamidad
    - cebra
    - ceder
    - cerrar
    - converger
    - cortar
    - dar
    - dado
    - desvirtuar
    - disfraz
    - esclarecimiento
    - estela
    - filtración
    - franca
    - franco
    - impedir
    - infierno
    - ligera
    - ligero
    - lista
    - llave
    - magín
    - mayor
    - nivel
    - obstaculizar
    - pasar
    - pasarse
    - patata
    - peatonal
    - por
    - prohibida
    - prohibido
    - rebote
    - rito
    - segura
    - seguro
    - sino
    - subterránea
    - subterráneo
    - testigo
    - tránsito
    - ver
    - vela
    English:
    ahead
    - amok
    - arrogant
    - bar
    - battle
    - begrudge
    - block
    - block in
    - break through
    - breakthrough
    - brisk
    - by
    - childhood
    - clarify
    - clear
    - coast
    - come over
    - crossing
    - crosswalk
    - dizzy
    - dwindle
    - evaluation
    - explanation
    - false move
    - faux pas
    - float
    - flyover
    - footstep
    - give
    - go by
    - going
    - graze
    - grow out of
    - hysterical
    - lazy
    - level crossing
    - life
    - lively
    - mop
    - move
    - nail
    - obstruction
    - ocean
    - overboard
    - overpass
    - pace
    - pass
    - pass along
    - pass by
    - pass through
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [con el pie] step;
    [huella] footprint;
    dar un paso adelante o [m5] al frente to step forwards, to take a step forwards;
    dar un paso atrás [al andar] to step backwards, to take a step backwards;
    [en proceso, negociaciones] to take a backward step;
    aprendí unos pasos de baile I learnt a few dance steps;
    oía pasos arriba I could hear footsteps upstairs;
    se veían sus pasos sobre la nieve you could see its footprints in the snow;
    a cada paso [cada dos por tres] every other minute;
    está a dos o [m5] cuatro pasos (de aquí) it's just down the road (from here);
    vivimos a un paso de la estación we live just round the corner from o a stone's throw away from the station;
    el ruso está a un paso de hacerse campeón the Russian is on the verge of o just one small step away from becoming champion;
    a pasos agigantados at a terrific rate, at a rate of knots;
    la economía crece a pasos agigantados the economy is growing at a rate of knots;
    el SIDA se propaga a pasos agigantados AIDS is spreading like wildfire o at an alarming rate;
    la ingeniería genética avanza a pasos agigantados genetic engineering has made giant o enormous strides;
    dar un paso en falso o [m5] un mal paso [tropezar] to stumble;
    [equivocarse] to make a false move o a mistake; Fig
    no dio ni un paso en falso he didn't put a foot wrong;
    seguir los pasos a alguien [perseguir, vigilar] to tail sb;
    seguir los pasos de alguien [imitar] to follow in sb's footsteps;
    volvimos sobre nuestros pasos we retraced our steps
    2. [acción] passing;
    [cruce] crossing; [camino de acceso] way through, thoroughfare;
    con el paso del tiempo with the passage of time;
    con el paso de los años as the years go by;
    el paso de la juventud a la madurez the transition from youth to adulthood;
    su paso fugaz por la universidad his brief spell at the university;
    el Ebro, a su paso por Zaragoza the Ebro, as it flows through Zaragoza;
    la tienda está en una zona de mucho paso the shop is in a very busy area;
    también Fig
    abrir paso a alguien to make way for sb;
    abrirse paso [entre la gente, la maleza] to make one's way;
    abrirse paso en la vida/en el mundo de la política to get on o ahead in life/politics;
    ¡abran paso! make way!;
    ceder el paso (a alguien) [dejar pasar] to let (sb) past;
    [en automóvil] to Br give way o US yield (to sb);
    ceda el paso [en letrero] Br give way, US yield;
    cerrar o [m5] cortar el paso a alguien to block sb's way;
    de paso [de pasada] in passing;
    [aprovechando] while I'm/you're/ etc at it;
    de paso que vienes, tráete las fotos de las vacaciones you may as well bring the photos from your Br holiday o US vacation when you come;
    la estación me pilla de paso the station's on my way;
    estar de paso [en un lugar] to be passing through;
    prohibido el paso [en letrero] no entry;
    salir al paso a alguien, salir al paso de alguien [acercarse] to come up to sb;
    [hacer detenerse] to come and bar sb's way;
    salir al paso de algo [rechazar] to respond to sth
    paso de cebra Br zebra crossing, = pedestrian crossing marked with black and white lines; Méx paso a desnivel Br flyover, US overpass;
    paso del Ecuador [en barco] crossing the line ceremony;
    [en universidad] = (celebration marking) halfway stage in a university course;
    paso elevado Br flyover, US overpass;
    paso fronterizo border crossing (point);
    paso a nivel Br level crossing, US grade crossing;
    paso a nivel con barrera Br gated level crossing, US protected grade crossing;
    paso a nivel sin barrera Br ungated level crossing, US unprotected grade crossing;
    Chile paso bajo nivel Br subway, US underpass;
    paso peatonal o de peatones pedestrian crossing;
    paso subterráneo Br subway, US underpass
    3. [forma de andar] walk;
    [ritmo] pace;
    con paso cansino se dirigió a la puerta he walked wearily towards the door;
    a buen paso at a good rate;
    a este paso o [m5]al paso que vamos, no acabaremos nunca at this rate o at the rate we're going, we'll never finish;
    al paso [en equitación] at a walk;
    a paso lento slowly;
    a paso ligero at a brisk pace;
    Mil at the double;
    aflojar el paso to slow down;
    apretar el paso to go faster, to speed up;
    llevar el paso to keep step;
    marcar el paso to keep time;
    a paso de tortuga at a snail's pace
    Mil paso de la oca goose-step
    4. Geog [en montaña] pass;
    [en el mar] strait
    5. [trámite, etapa, acontecimiento] step;
    [progreso] step forward, advance;
    antes de dar cualquier paso siempre me pregunta she always asks me before doing anything;
    dar los pasos necesarios to take the necessary steps;
    dar los primeros pasos hacia la paz to take the first steps towards peace;
    la aprobación de una constitución supondría un gran paso para la democracia the passing of a constitution would be a big step forward for democracy;
    explícamelo paso a o [m5] por paso explain it to me step by step;
    paso a o [m5] por paso se ganó la confianza de sus alumnos she gradually won the confidence of her pupils;
    salir del paso to get out of trouble
    6. [de llamadas telefónicas, consumo eléctrico] unit
    7. [en procesión] float [in Easter procession]
    8.
    pasos [en baloncesto] travelling;
    hacer pasos to travel
    ♦ interj
    make way!
    * * *
    1 m
    1 step;
    paso a paso step by step;
    a cada paso at every step;
    a dos pasos de fig a stone’s throw (away) from;
    volver sobre sus pasos retrace one’s steps;
    un paso en falso make a false move;
    seguir los pasos a alguien follow s.o., dog s.o.’s footsteps;
    seguir los pasos de alguien follow in s.o.’s footsteps;
    pasos pl en baloncesto traveling sg, Br travelling sg ;
    2 ( manera de andar) walk
    3 ( ritmo) pace, rate;
    a este paso fig at this rate;
    al paso que vamos at the rate we’re going;
    a paso ligero at the double;
    llevar el paso MIL keep in step;
    marcar el paso MIL mark time
    4 de agua flow; de tráfico movement;
    cerrar el paso de la calle block off o close the street;
    ceda el paso yield, Br give way;
    observaba el paso del agua/de la gente he watched the water flow past/the world go by
    5 ( cruce) crossing
    6 de tiempo passing
    7 ( huella) footprint
    8 ( camino)
    :
    de paso on the way;
    estar de paso be passing through;
    dicho sea de paso and incidentally;
    ¡paso! make way!, let me through!;
    abrirse paso push one’s way through; fig carve out a path for o.s.;
    salir del paso get out of a tight spot
    2 m REL float in Holy Week procession
    * * *
    paso, -sa adj
    : dried
    ciruela pasa: prune
    paso nm
    1) : passage, passing
    de paso: in passing, on the way
    2) : way, path
    abrirse paso: to make one's way
    3) : crossing
    paso de peatones: crosswalk
    paso a desnivel: underpass
    paso elevado: overpass
    4) : step
    paso a paso: step by step
    5) : pace, gait
    a buen paso: quickly, at a good rate
    * * *
    paso n
    1. (en general) step
    2. (pisada) footstep
    4. (transcurso) passing / passage
    de paso (al mismo tiempo) while you're there / while you're about it (de camino) on your way

    Spanish-English dictionary > paso

  • 15 угол (геометрический)


    angle
    - (кабины, панели) — corner
    указатель установлен в верхнeм левом углу приборной доски. — the indicator is located on the upper left corner of the instrument panel.
    - (при определении географических и навигационных параметров) — angle, angular distance
    - (эл. сигнал, соответствующий угловой величине) — angular information the angular information is supplied to the stator windinq.
    - азимута (e) — azimuth
    -, азимутальный (в полярных координатах) — azimuth angle
    угловая величина, отсчитываемая по часовой или против часовой стрелки от северного или южного направления от о град, до 90 или 180 град. — measured from 0о at the north or south reference direction clockwise or counterclockwise through 90о or 180о.
    -, азимутальный (курс) — azimuth
    - азимутальный (гироппатфор'мы), отсчитываемый от местного географического меридиана — stable platform azimuth angle measured from local geographic meridian
    - азимутальный, направленно' гo луча антенны — azimuth angle of antenna beams
    - атаки (а) — angle of attack (alpha, aat)
    угол, заключенный между линией отсчета, жестко связанной с планером (крылом) самолета и направлением движения ла. — the angle between a referелее line fixed with respect to an airframe and a lipe in the direction of the aircraft.
    лампа сигнализации выключенного обогрева автомата угпа атаки. (ауасп обогр. выкл.) — alpha off light
    - атаки (англ. термин) — angle of incidence (british usage)
    - атаки, индуктивный — induced angle of attack
    составная часть любого текущего угла атаки, превышающая эффективный угол атаки. — а part of any given angle of attack over and above the effective angle of attack.
    - атаки крыла (профиля) — wing angle оf attack
    угол, заключенный между хордой профиля и направлением набегающего потока воздуха (рис.135). — the angle between the chord line of the wing (airfoil) and the relative airflow.
    - атаки, большой — high angle of attack
    - атаки, вызывающий срабатывание системы предотвращения сваливания (выхода на критический угол атаки) — stall barrier actuation angle of attack. the system suppresses the stall warning and barrier асtuation angles of attack to prevent stall overshoot.
    - атаки, докритический — pre-stall(ing) angle of attack
    - атаки, закритический — angle of attack beyond stall
    - атаки, критический, — angle of sfall, stalling angle, stall
    угол атаки, соответствующий максимальному значению коэффициента подъемной силы. — the angle of attack correspending to the maximum lift coefficient.
    - атаки, местный — local angle of attack
    - атаки нулевой подъемной силы — zero lift angle of attack
    - атаки, отрицательный — negative angle of attack
    - атаки, положительный — positive angle of attack
    - атаки, средний — medium angle of attack
    - атаки, текущий (a тем) — present angle of attack
    - атаки, эффективный — effective angle of attack
    -, боевой магнитный путевой (бмпу) — run-in magnetic track angle /course/
    - бокового скольжения — angle of sideslip
    - ветра (ув) — wind angle (u)
    угол, заключенный между вектором путевой скорости и вектором ветра (рис. 124). — the angle between the true course and the direction from which the wind is blowing, measured from the true course toward the right or left, from 0 to 180°.
    - ветра, курсовой — wind angle
    - взмаха — flapping angle
    острый угол, образованный продольной осью лопасти неcyщeгo винта вертолета и плоскостью вращения втулки винта при повороте лопасти относительно горизонтальногo шарнира. — the difference between the coning angle and the instantaneous angle of the span axis of a blade of a rotary wing system relative to the plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
    - видимости аэронавигационного огня (ано) (рис. 97) — navigation light dihedral angle
    - видимости левого ано (угол "л") — navigation light dihedral angle l (left)
    - видимости правого ано (угол "п") — navigation light dihedral angle r (riqht)
    - видимости хвостового ано (угол "x") — navigation light dihedral angle a (aft)
    - визирования — sight angle, angle of sight
    - возвышения — angle of elevation, elevation
    угол в вертикальной плоскости между горизонталью и наклонной линией от наблюдателя до объекта (рис. 129). — the angle in a vertical plane between the local horizontal and ascending line, as from an observer to an object.
    - волнового конуса — mach angle

    the angle between a mach line and the direction of movement of undisturbed flow.
    - вращения — angle of rotation
    - выставки телеблока — telescope /telescopic/ - sensor alignment angle
    - гироппатформы, азимутапьный (инерциальной системы) — stable platform azimuth
    - глиссады — glide slope angle
    угол в вертикальной плоскости между глиссадой и горизонталью (рис. 120). — angle in vertical plane between the glide slope and the horizontal.
    -, гринвичский часовой — greenwich hour angle (gha)
    угол к западу от астрономического гринвичского меридиана. — angular distance west of the greenwich celestial meridian.
    - датчика (угла) гироскопа — gyro-pickoff angle
    -, двугранный (ано) — dihedral angle
    - действия (см. видимости) — navigation light dihedral angle
    -, заданный путевой (зпу) (рис. 124) — desired track angle (dsrtk) (dtk)
    - заклинения (установки несущей поверхности) — angle of setting, rigging angle of incidence
    фиксированный угол между плоскостью хорды крыла (стабилизатора) и продольной осью самолета (осью тяги) при горизонтальном положении самолета (рис. 135). — а fixed angle between the plane of the wing chord and the line of thrust or any other longitudinal line which is level when the fuselage is level longitudinally.
    - заклинения горизонтального оперения — angle of stabilizer setting
    острый угоп между продольной осью самолета и хордой (горизонтального) стабилизатора. угол является положительным при превышении передней кромки стабилизатора над задней. — the acute angle between the line of thrust of an airplane and the chord of the stabillzer. the angle is positive when the leading edge is higher than the trailing edge.
    - заклинения крыла — angle of wing setting
    острый угол между плоскостью хорды крыла и продольной осью самолета. угол является положительным при превышении передней кромки крыла над задней. — the acute angle between the plane of the wing chord and the longitudinal axis of the airplane. the angle is positive when the leading edge is higher than the trailing edge.
    - заклинения крыла у корня — angle of wing setting at root
    - заклинения крыльев (биплана) — decalaqe
    разность между углами установки верхнего и нижнего крыльев. острый угол между линиями хорд крыльев в плоскости, параллельной плоскости симметрии самолета. — a difference in the angles of setting of the wings of a biplane. the decalage is measured by the acute angle between tfle chords in a plane parallel to the plane of symmetry.
    - застоя (картушки компаса) — angular friction error (of compass card)
    - затенения (огня), телесный — solid angle of obstructed (light) visibility
    - зрения — angle of view
    -, исходный путевой — initial departure track angle
    - кабины — corner ot cabin
    - карты — drivation

    the angle between the grid datum and the magnetic meridian.
    - карты (в автоматическом навигационном планшете) — map /chart/ angle (ca)
    задатчик ук устанавливается на заданный пеленг в каждой точке разворота. если дм (магн, склонение) = +8о то ум = 352о, если дм = -5о, то ук = 5о ук = мпу главной ортодромии — the map or chart angle selector is set to the appropriate bearing at each turning point.
    - конусности (лопасти несущего винта) — coning angle
    угол между продольной осью лопасти и плоскостью круга ометаемого законцовкой винта. — the angle between the longitudinal axis of а blade and the tip-path plane.
    - крена (у) — angle of roll, bank (angle)
    угол между поперечной осью самолета и горизонтальной плоскостью. угол считается положительным при правом крене (рис. 135). — the angle between the lateral axis and a horizontal plane. the angle of roll is considered positive if the roll is to starboard.
    - крена, командный — commanded bank angle
    - крена при (для) выходе (выхода) на заданный курс — roll steering bank angle (for smooth roll out on the selected heading)
    - крена, текущий — present angle of roll, present bank
    - крыла, установочный (рис. 135). — angle of wing setting
    - курса (путевой угол) — track angle
    - курса (самолета, ч) — heading (ч)
    - курса (инерциальной системы) — azimuth
    - курсовой (кур) — relative bearing (rb)
    автоматический радиокомnac определяет курсовой угол радиостанции, а в сочетанин с компасом или курсовой системой - пеленг радиостанции, как сумму курса и курсового угла (рис. 127). — angle measurement in navigation, measured from the heading of an aircraft, as relative bearing.
    -, курсовой (на экране рлс) — azimuth (relative to aircraft)

    the indicator display shows targets in terms of range and azimuth relative to aircraft.
    - лопасти (возд. винта) — blade angle
    угол между нижней поверхностью части лопасти винта и плоскостью вращения, — the angle between the lower surface of an element of a propeller and plane of rotation.
    - маневра (курс, крен, тангаж) — attitude change angle
    - маха — mach angle
    -, местный часовой — local hour angle (lha)
    - набора высоты — angle of climb
    угол между линией траектории полета набирающего высоту ла и горизонталью. — the angle between the flight path оf а climbing aircraft and local horizontal.
    - наведения антенны (радиоастрономическсго корректора) — antenna pointing angle
    - наведения астрокорректора — star tracker pointing angle

    inertial navigation system provides an accurate azimuth and vertical reference for measurement of the star tracker pointing angles.
    - наведения астротелескопа (телеблока) — star-telescope pointing angle
    - наклона (подвижных элементов. напр., автомата перекоса) — tilt angle
    - наклона скачка уплотнения — shock wave angle
    - наклона траектории полета — flight path angle
    угол между горизонталью и касательной к данной точке траектории. — the angle between the horizontal and а tangent to the flightpath at a point.
    - "ножниц" (рассогласования) закрылков — flaps asymmetry /disagreement/ angle
    - "ножниц" (рассогласования) стабилизатора — 'stabilizer (halves) asymmetry /disagreement/ angle
    - образованный с... (между) — angle formed with... (between)
    - обратной стреловидности (крыла) — sweepforward angle
    - опережения зажигания — ignition advance angle
    - ортодромии, путевой (пуо) — great circle track angle
    - отворота, расчетный (при заходе на посадку) — estimated turn angle (eta)
    - отклонения (от направления) — angle of deviation
    - отклонения (поверхности управления) — angle of deflection, (control surface) angle
    - отклонения закрылка (закрылков) — flap setting
    - отклонения закрылков, взлетный — flap takeoff setting
    - отклонения закрылков для захода на посадку — flap approach setting
    - отклонения закрылков, посадочный — flap landing setting
    - отклонения поверхности управления — control surface angle
    угол между хордой поверхности управления и хордой несущей (или стабилизирующей) поверхности (крыло, киль, стабилизатор). — control surface angle is an angle between the chord of control surface and the chord of the corresponding fixed surface.
    - отклонения руля высоты — elevator angle
    - отклонения руля направления — rudder angle
    - отклонения ручки (управления) — control stick displacement /deflection/ angle
    - отклонения скачка уплотнения — shock wave deflection angle
    - отклонения (переставного) стабилизатора — horizontal stabilizer (adjustable) setting
    - отклонения элерона — aileron angle
    - отрицательной стреловидности — sweepforward angle
    - отсека — corner of compartment
    - отсчета радиокомпаса (орк) — indicated /observed/ bearing (of radio station)
    угол разворота рамочной антенны, отличающийся от курсового угла радиостанции (кур) в результате искажения общего электромагнитного поля металлическими частями самолета (т.е. наличием радиодевиации) (рис. 86). — bearing correction is true radio bearing minus indicated (or observed) radio bearing. plot bearing corrections against observed radio bearings.
    -, отсчитываемый от... — angle measured from...
    -, отсчитываемый (по часавой стрелке) от северного направления географическоro меридиана — angle measured (clockwise) from north reference direction of geographical meridian.
    - пересечения курса (луча на маяк) — (localizer) course /radial/ intersection angle
    - пикирования — angle of dive
    - планирования — gliding angle
    угол между горизонтом и глиссадой самолета (рис. 135). — the angle between the horizontal and the glide path of an aircraft.
    - (гиро) платформы, азимутальный — platform azimuth
    - поворота вала — shaft angle
    - поворота переднего колеса (колес) — nose wheel steering angle
    система управления передним колесом шасси обеспечивает угол поворота колec(a) ё45о. — the steering system gives the nose wheel steering angles up to plus or minus 45 deg.
    - поворота рамы (гироскопа) — rotation angle (of gimbal)

    the rotation angle of the gimbal about the output axis.
    -, подаваемый на индикацию (прибор, счетчик) — angular information supplied to be displayed on (indicator, counter, etc.)
    - положения — position angle
    - поперечного "v", отрицательный (рис. 136) — anhedral (angle)
    - поперечного "v" по линии носков, положительный (по передней кромке) — dihedral at leading edge (le)
    - поперечного "v", положительный — dihedral angle
    острый угол между перпендикуляром к плоскости симметрии самолета и продольной осью крыла в плоскости, перпендикулярной продольной оси самолета (рис. 136). — the acute angle between а line perpendicular to the plane of symmetry and the projection of the wing axis on а plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the airplane.
    - поправки на ветер — wind correction angle (wca)

    the stronger the wind, the greater the wca.
    -, посадочный (самолета) — landing angle
    - прицеливания — sighting /aiming/ angle
    - проема (напр., аварийного выхода) — opening corner
    -, промежуточный (шага винта) — (normal) flight low pitch (angle)
    - пространственного положения (ла) — attitude angle
    - путевой (пу) — track angle (тк), course angle) (crs)
    угол, заключенный между северным направлением меридиана и вектором путевой скорости (линии пути), т.е. направлением движения самолета относительно земной поверхности (рис.124). — а direction of intended movement given as an angle from some reference direction, ordinarily given as a measurement clockwise from the true north or the magnetic north in degrees.
    -, путевой, боевой (бпу) — run-in /attack/ track angle
    -, путевой, боевой, магнитный (бмпу) — magnetic run-in /attack/ track angle
    -, путевой, заданный (зпу) (рис.124) — desired track angle (dsrtk, dtk)
    -, путевой, заданный магнитный (змпу) — desired magnetic track angle (dsrmtk, dmtk)
    -, путевой истинный (рис.124). — true track angle, true track, true tk
    -, путевой, исходный — initial departure track angle
    -, путевой магнитный (мну) — magnetic track angle (mtk)
    -, путевой, ортодромии (пуо) — great circle track angle
    отсчитывается от сев. направления географического меридиана через точку мс до положения направления оси у по часовой стрелке.
    -, путевой, при безветрии (при нулевом ветре) — zero-wind track angle
    -, путевой, текущий (тпу) — present track angle
    -, путевой, условный (рис.124). — grid track angle, grid track, rid tk
    -, путевой, фактический — (actual) track angle (tk)
    -, путевой, фактический магнитный (фмпу) — actual magnetic track angle
    -, путевой, штилевой — zero wind track angle
    - радиостанции, курсовой (кур) — relative bearing of radio station (rb)
    угол между направлением продольной оси самолета и направлением на наземную радиостанцию, отсчитывается по часовой стрелке от о до 360 град (рис. 127). — the bearing of a radio station or object relative to the heading of an airplane.
    - разворота — angle of turn
    - разворота переднего колеса (колес) — nose wheel steering angle
    - распыла (топлива в форсунке) — (fuel) spray pattern
    - рассогласования — error angle
    - рассогласования закрылков — flaps asymmetry /disagreement/ angle
    - рассогласования по крену (курсу, тангажу) (в сельсинной передаче) — bank (azimuth, pitch) synchro error angle
    - рассогласования предкрылков — (le) slats disagreement /asymmetry/ angle
    - рыскания (ч) — angle of yaw
    угол между продольной осью самолета и заданным направлением полета. угол считается положительным, если передний конец продольной оси самолета отклоняется вправо (рис.135). — the angle, as seen from above, between the longitudinal axis of an aircraft and a chosen reference direction. this angle is positive when the forward part of the longitudinal axis is directed to starboard.
    - сближения (схождения) меридианов — earth convergency angle
    - свеса (лопасти несущего винта) — droop angle
    - скоса потока вверх — angle of upwash
    - скоса потока вниз — angle of downwash
    - снижения — angle of descent
    угол между направлением траектории снижающегося самолета и горизонтом, — the angle between the flight path of a descending aircraft and the local horizontal.
    - сноса (ус) — drift angle (da)
    угол, заключенный между вектором воздушной скорости и вектором путевой скорости. если впс располагается правее ввс, углу сноса приписывается (+), если левee, тo (-) (рис. 124). — the horizontal angle between the longitudinal axis of an aircraft and its path relative to the ground, i.e. any angular difference existing between the heading and course (or track).
    - сноса от измерителя дисс (доплеровского измерителя сноса и путевой скорости) — doppler drift angle (dad)
    - солнца, гринвичский часовой — greenwich hour angle of sun (sun gha)
    - срабатывания сигнализации — warning aetuation angle
    - срабатывания сигнализации критического угла атаки — warning actuation angle of stall
    - срабатывания системы предупреждения выхода на критический угол атаки — stall barrier actuation angle
    - срыва ламинарного потока — burble point /angle/

    а point reached in an increasing angle of attack at which burble begins.
    -, стояночный. угол наклона продольной оси самолета относительно плоскости касания колес основного шасси и переднего (хвостового) колеса. — static ground angle (in pitch and bank)
    - стреловидности — sweep angle
    угол в плоскости крыла между линией, проходящей по размаху крыла (по четвертям хорд, передней или задней кромке) и перпендикуляром к плоскости симметрии самолета (рис. 8). — sweep is an angle in plan between the specified spanwise line (quarter-chord, le, те) along the aerofoil and the normal to the plane of the aircraft symmetry.
    - стреловидности (отрицательный) — sweepforward angle
    - стреловидности (прямой или положительный) — sweepback angle
    - стреловидности по линии четвертей хорд — sweepback (angle) at quarterchord line /at 25 percent of chord/
    - стреловидности по передней кромке — sweepback (angle) at leading edge, sweepback at le
    - схождения меридианов угол между меридианом точки и вертикальной координатной линией. — earth /meridian/ convergence angle
    - тангажа (v) — angle of pitch (v)
    угол в вертикальной плоскости между продольной осью самолета и горизонтальной плоскостью. угол считается положительным при наклоне передней части продольной оси вверх (рис.135). — the angle, as seen from the side, between the longitudinal axis of an aircraft and a chosen reference line or plane, usually the horizontal plane. this angle is positive when the forward part of the longitudinal axis is directed above the reference line.
    - тангажа на кабрирование — nose-up pitch angle
    - тангажа на пикирование — nose-down pitch angle
    - тангажа, текущий — present pitch angle, present angle of pitch
    -, текущий путевой (тпу) — present track angle
    - текущий путевой, запомненный (тзпу) — present stored track angle
    - точки весеннего равноденствия, часовой, западный (астр.) — sidereal hour angle (sha) angular distance west of the vernal equinox.
    -, тупой — obtuse angle
    угол более 90о и менее 180о. — an obtuse angle is more than 90о but less than 180о.
    - увлечения (картушки компаса) — compass card drift ang
    - упреждения (для парирования сноса самолета при посадке) — drift-correction angle
    - установки (см. угол заклинения аэродинамической поверхности) — setting angle
    - установки горизонтального оперения — angle of stabilizer setting
    - установки крыла (заклинение) — angle of wing setting, rigging angle of wing incidence
    угол между корневой хордой крыла и базовой линией фюзеляжа (рис.135). — angle between the wing chord line and aircraft longitudinal axis.
    - установки лопасти (винта) — blade angle
    острый угол между хордой сечения лопасти возд.(или несущего, хвостового) винта и плоскостью перпендикулярной оси вращения (рис.58). — the acute angle between the chord of а section of a propeller, or of a rotary wing system, and a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
    - установки рычага управл. двигателем (руд) — throttle setting
    - установки стабилизатора (заклинение) — angle of stabilizer setting, rigging angle of horizontal stabilizer incidence
    угол между корневой хордой стабилизатора и базовой линией фюзеляжа (рис. 135). — angle between the stabilizer root chord line and aircraft longitudinal axis.
    - установки (переставного) стабилизатора — stabilizer (incidence) setting
    - установки стабилизатора, взлетный — takeoff stabilizer setting
    - установки стабилизатора, посадочный — landing stabilizer setting
    -, установочный (крыла, стабилизатора) — (wing, stabilizer) setting angle
    -, фактический путевой (рис. 124) — (actual) track angle (tk)
    - цели, курсовой — (target) angle-off
    -, часовой — hour angle

    angular distance west of a celestial meridian or hour circle.
    - часовой, западный, точки весеннего равноденствия (астр.) — sidereal hour angle (sha)
    выход за критический у. атаки — stall (angle) overshoot
    выход на критический у. атаки — reaching of stall(ing) angle
    диапазон у. атаки — angle-of-attack range
    под углом к... — at angle to...

    enter downwind at 90 to reference line.
    полет на критическом у. атаки — stall flight
    поправка на у. сноса — crosswind correction
    расположение (нескольких элементов) под углом... град — spacing... deg. apart the propeller blades are spaced l20 apart.
    с автоматическим учетом у. сноса — with crosswind (drift) correction automatically computed
    выходить на закритический у. атаки — exceed the stalling angle
    выходить на критический у. атаки — reach the stalling angle
    задавать путевой у. — select (desired) track angle
    закруглять у. (детали) — round (off) the corner
    изменять у. атаки — change angle of attack
    образовывать у. с... — make angle with...

    the cable makes an angle of 10 degrees with the vertical line.
    отклонять на у. (-10 град.) — deflect /displace/ (approximately 10 deg.)
    отсчитывать у. — read the angle
    поворачиваться на у. — turn /rotate/ through аn angle
    подавать у. (т.е. эл. сигнал, соответствующий к-л. угловой величине) на (статор сельсина) — supply /transmit/ angular information to (synchro stator)
    располагаться под у. град. (вокруг оси) — be located /spaced/... degrees apart (about axis)
    устанавливать (закрылки) на желаемый у. — set (flaps) at desired angle

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > угол (геометрический)

  • 16 effect

    1. noun
    1) (result) Wirkung, die (on auf + Akk.)

    the effects of something on something — die Auswirkungen einer Sache (Gen.) auf etwas (Akk.); die Folgen einer Sache (Gen.) für etwas

    with the effect that... — mit der Folge od. dem Resultat, dass...

    take effect — wirken; die erwünschte Wirkung erzielen

    in effect — in Wirklichkeit; praktisch

    2) no art. (impression) Wirkung, die; Effekt, der

    solely or only for effect — nur des Effekts wegen; aus reiner Effekthascherei (abwertend)

    3) (meaning) Inhalt, der; Sinn, der

    we received a letter to the effect that... — wir erhielten ein Schreiben des Inhalts, dass...

    4) (operativeness) Kraft, die; Gültigkeit, die

    be in effect — gültig od. in Kraft sein

    come into effect — gültig od. wirksam werden; [bes. Gesetz:] in Kraft treten

    put into effect — in Kraft setzen [Gesetz]; verwirklichen [Plan]

    5) in pl. (property) Vermögenswerte Pl.; Eigentum, das

    personal effects — persönliches Eigentum; Privateigentum, das

    household effects — Hausrat, der

    2. transitive verb
    durchführen; herbeiführen [Einigung]; erzielen [Übereinstimmung, Übereinkommen]; tätigen [Umsatz, Kauf]; abschließen [Versicherung]; leisten [Zahlung]
    * * *
    [i'fekt] 1. noun
    1) (a result or consequence: He is suffering from the effects of over-eating; His discovery had little effect at first.) die Wirkung
    2) (an impression given or produced: The speech did not have much effect (on them); a pleasing effect.) die Wirkung
    2. verb
    (to make happen; to bring about: He tried to effect a reconciliation between his parents.) bewirken
    - academic.ru/23440/effective">effective
    - effectively
    - effects
    - effectual
    - come into effect
    - for effect
    - in effect
    - put into effect
    - take effect
    * * *
    ef·fect
    [ɪˈfekt]
    I. n
    1. (result) Wirkung f, Effekt m; (consequence) Auswirkung f ([up]on auf + akk), Folge f ([up]on für + akk); (success) Erfolg m; (influence) Einfluss m (on auf + akk)
    this has the \effect of increasing the temperature dies bewirkt eine Steigerung der Temperatur
    the \effects of drugs on the nervous system die Auswirkungen von Drogen auf das Nervensystem
    talking to him had no \effect because he got drunk again mit ihm zu sprechen war umsonst, denn er betrank sich wieder
    you should feel the \effects of the drug after about 10 minutes du solltest die Wirkung der Drogen nach ca. 10 Minuten spüren
    \effect on earnings FIN Einkommenseffekt m
    to continue to have an \effect nachwirken
    to have an \effect on sb/sth eine Wirkung auf jdn/etw haben; (influence) jdn/etw beeinflussen
    gentle music can have a soothing \effect sanfte Musik kann beruhigend wirken [o eine beruhigende Wirkung haben]
    to have a lasting \effect nachhaltig wirken
    to have no \effect keine Wirkung haben
    to take \effect medicine, anaesthetic Wirkung zeigen, wirken
    to good \effect mit Erfolg
    the overall \effect das Gesamtresultat
    to no \effect erfolglos, ergebnislos
    to such good \effect that... so wirkungsvoll [o geschickt], dass...
    2. no pl (force) Wirksamkeit f; LAW [Rechts]kraft f, Gültigkeit f
    to come into \effect in Kraft treten, wirksam werden
    to put sth into \effect etw durchführen [o realisieren]
    to remain in \effect wirksam [o in Kraft] bleiben
    to take \effect laws, regulations in Kraft treten, wirksam werden
    with \effect from 1st January ( form) mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar [o ÖSTERR Jänner]
    with immediate \effect mit sofortiger Wirkung
    3. (impression) Wirkung f, Effekt m
    to create an \effect einen Effekt [o eine Wirkung] erzielen
    for \effect aus reiner Effekthascherei pej
    he paused for \effect er machte eine effektvolle Pause
    he only dresses like that for \effect he zieht sich nur deswegen so an, um aufzufallen
    4. (sounds, lighting)
    ▪ \effects pl Effekte pl
    light/sound \effects Licht-/Klangeffekte pl
    ▪ \effects pl Eigentum nt kein pl, Vermögen nt kein pl, Effekten pl fachspr
    personal \effects Gegenstände des persönlichen Gebrauchs
    to say something to the \effect that... sinngemäß sagen, dass...
    she said she was demoralized or words to that \effect sie sagte, sie sei demoralisiert, oder etwas in der Art [o oder Ähnliches]
    I received a letter to the \effect that my contract had run out ich erhielt einen Brief des Inhalts, dass mein Vertrag abgelaufen war
    in \effect eigentlich, in Wirklichkeit, im Effekt
    II. vt
    ▪ to \effect sth etw bewirken [o herbeiführen]
    to \effect a breakthrough einen Durchbruch erzielen
    to \effect a change eine Änderung herbeiführen
    to \effect a cure eine Heilung bewirken
    to \effect a merger fusionieren
    to \effect a reform eine Reform durchführen
    * * *
    [ɪ'fekt]
    1. n
    1) (= result) Wirkung f, Effekt m; (= repercussion) Auswirkung f

    the effect of this rule will be to prevent... — diese Regelung wird die Verhinderung von... bewirken or zur Folge haben

    the effect of this is that... —

    to no effect — erfolglos, ergebnislos

    to such good effect that... — so wirkungsvoll, dass...

    to have an effect on sb/sth — eine Wirkung auf jdn/etw haben

    to have a good effect (on sb/sth) — eine gute Wirkung (auf jdn/etw) haben

    with effect from 3 March — mit Wirkung vom 3. März

    2) (= impression) Wirkung f, Effekt m
    3)

    (= meaning) his letter is to the effect that... — sein Brief hat zum Inhalt, dass...

    we received a letter to the effect that... — wir erhielten ein Schreiben des Inhalts, dass...

    ... or words to that effect —... oder etwas in diesem Sinne or etwas Ähnliches

    4) pl (= property) Effekten pl
    5)

    (= reality) in effect — in Wirklichkeit, im Effekt

    6)

    (of laws) to be in effect — gültig or in Kraft sein

    2. vt
    1) bewirken, herbeiführen

    to effect an entry (form) — sich (dat) Zutritt verschaffen

    2) (form) sale, purchase tätigen; payment leisten; insurance abschließen; settlement erzielen
    * * *
    effect [ıˈfekt]
    A s
    1. Wirkung f (on auf akk):
    have a stimulating effect anregend wirken; → calm C, etc
    2. Wirkung f, Erfolg m, Folge f, Konsequenz f, Ergebnis n, Resultat n:
    of no effect, without effect ohne Erfolg oder Wirkung, erfolglos, wirkungslos, vergeblich;
    take effect wirken ( → A 8)
    3. Auswirkung(en) f(pl) (on, upon auf akk), Folge(n) f(pl):
    4. Einwirkung f, -fluss m ( beide:
    on, upon auf akk)
    5. Effekt m, Wirkung f, Eindruck m ( alle:
    on, upon auf akk):
    it was calculated ( oder meant) for effect es sollte Eindruck machen, es war auf Effekt angelegt;
    have an effect on wirken auf (akk), einen Eindruck hinterlassen bei; → strain1 B 1
    6. Inhalt m, Sinn m:
    a letter to the effect that … ein Brief des Inhalts, dass …;
    the same effect desselben Inhalts;
    this effect diesbezüglich, in diesem Sinn;
    inform sb to that effect jemanden entsprechend informieren
    7. Wirklichkeit f:
    carry into ( oder bring to) effect, give effect to verwirklichen, ausführen;
    in effect in Wirklichkeit, tatsächlich, praktisch
    8. (Rechts)Wirksamkeit f, (-)Kraft f, Gültigkeit f:
    be in effect in Kraft sein, gültig oder wirksam sein;
    take effect, go ( oder come) into effect in Kraft treten, gültig oder wirksam werden ( → A 2);
    with effect from mit Wirkung vom
    9. TECH (Nutz)Leistung f (einer Maschine)
    10. ELEK, PHYS induzierte Leistung, Sekundärleistung f
    11. pl WIRTSCH
    a) Effekten pl
    b) bewegliches Eigentum, Vermögen(swerte) n(pl)
    c) persönliche Habe
    d) Barbestand m
    e) Aktiva pl, (Bank)Guthaben n oder pl:
    no effects ohne Guthaben oder Deckung (Scheckvermerk)
    B v/t
    1. be-, erwirken, bewerkstelligen, verursachen, veranlassen
    2. ausführen, tätigen, vornehmen, besorgen, erledigen, vollbringen, -ziehen:
    effect payment WIRTSCH Zahlung leisten
    3. WIRTSCH
    a) ein Geschäft, eine Versicherung abschließen
    b) eine Police ausfertigen
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (result) Wirkung, die (on auf + Akk.)

    the effects of something on something — die Auswirkungen einer Sache (Gen.) auf etwas (Akk.); die Folgen einer Sache (Gen.) für etwas

    with the effect that... — mit der Folge od. dem Resultat, dass...

    take effect — wirken; die erwünschte Wirkung erzielen

    in effect — in Wirklichkeit; praktisch

    2) no art. (impression) Wirkung, die; Effekt, der

    solely or only for effect — nur des Effekts wegen; aus reiner Effekthascherei (abwertend)

    3) (meaning) Inhalt, der; Sinn, der

    we received a letter to the effect that... — wir erhielten ein Schreiben des Inhalts, dass...

    4) (operativeness) Kraft, die; Gültigkeit, die

    be in effect — gültig od. in Kraft sein

    come into effect — gültig od. wirksam werden; [bes. Gesetz:] in Kraft treten

    put into effect — in Kraft setzen [Gesetz]; verwirklichen [Plan]

    5) in pl. (property) Vermögenswerte Pl.; Eigentum, das

    personal effects — persönliches Eigentum; Privateigentum, das

    household effects — Hausrat, der

    2. transitive verb
    durchführen; herbeiführen [Einigung]; erzielen [Übereinstimmung, Übereinkommen]; tätigen [Umsatz, Kauf]; abschließen [Versicherung]; leisten [Zahlung]
    * * *
    (on) n.
    Auswirkung (auf) f. n.
    Beeinflussung f.
    Effekt -e m.
    Eindruck -¨e m.
    Einwirkung f.
    Ergebnis -se n.
    Wirkung -en f. v.
    ausführen v.
    bewirken v.
    durchführen v.

    English-german dictionary > effect

  • 17 Polhem, Christopher

    [br]
    b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751
    [br]
    Swedish engineer and inventor.
    [br]
    He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.
    From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.
    In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.
    In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).
    Further Reading
    1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Polhem, Christopher

  • 18 विश्वामित्र


    viṡvā-mitra
    seeﾠ below

    viṡvā́-mitra
    m. (prob.) « friend of all»

    N. of a celebrated Ṛishi orﾠ Sage (having the patr. Gāthina, Gādheya, andﾠ Jāhnava;
    he was at first a functionary, together with Vasishṭha, of Su-dās, king of the Tṛitsus;
    seeing Vasishṭha preferred by the king, he went over to the Bharatas, but could not prevent their being defeated by Su-dās, although he caused the waters of the rivers Vipāṡ andﾠ Ṡutudri to retire andﾠ so give the Bharatas free passage RV. III, 33 ;
    he was born as a Kshatriya, deriving his lineage from an ancestor of Kuṡika, named Purū-ravas, of the lunar race of kings, andﾠ himself sovereign of Kanyā-kubja orﾠ Kanoj;
    his fame rests chiefly on his contests with the great Brāhman Vasishṭha, andﾠ his success in elevating himself. though a Kshatriya, to the rank of a Brāhman seeﾠ Manu VII, 42:
    the Rāmayaṇa, which makes him a companion andﾠ counsellor of the young Rāma-candra, records I, 51-65 how Viṡvāmitra, on his accession to the throne, visited Vasishṭha's hermitage,
    andﾠ seeing there the cow of plenty <probably typical of go, the earth >,
    offered him untold treasures in exchange for it, but being refused, prepared to take it by force;
    a long contest ensued between the king andﾠ the saint <symbolical of the struggles between the Kshatriya andﾠ Brāhmanical classes>,
    which ended in the defeat of Viṡvāmitra, whose vexation was such that, in order to become a Brāhman andﾠ thus conquer his rival, he devoted himself to intense austerities
    during which he was seduced by the nymph Menakā andﾠ had by her a daughter, Ṡakuntalā,
    gradually increasing the rigour of his mortification through thousands of years, till he successively earned the titles of Rājarshi, Ṛishi, Maharshi, andﾠ finally Brahmarshi;
    he is supposed to be the author of nearly the whole of RV. III, andﾠ of IX, 67, 1315; X, 137, 5; 167 ;
    moreover, a law-book, a Dhanurveda, andﾠ a medical wk. are attributed to him) RV. etc. etc.;
    a partic. Catur-aha (= viṡvāmitrasyasaṉjayaḥ) PañcavBr. KātyṠr. ;
    a partic. Anuvāka (= viṡvāmitrasyâ̱nuvākaḥ) Pat. ;
    pl. the family of Viṡvāmitra RV. AV. ;
    (ā) f. N. of a river MBh. ;
    - kalpa m. - pa-taru m. N. of wks.;
    - jamad-agni m. du. Viṡvāmitra andﾠ Jamad-agni RV. ;
    - nadī f. N. of a river MBh. ;
    - pura n. orﾠ - purī f. N. of a town (- rīya mfn.) PratijñāS.;
    - priya m. « dear to Viṡvāmitra», the cocoa-nut tree L. ;
    N. of Kārttikeya MBh. ;
    - rāṡi m. N. of a man Inscr. ;
    - saṉhitā f. N. of sev. wks.;
    - sṛishṭi f. Viṡvāmitra's creation (in allusion to several things fabled to have been created by this saint in rivalry of Brahmā. e.g.. the fruit of the Palmyra in imitation of the human skull, the buffalo in imitation of the cow, the ass of the horse etc.) MW. ;
    - smṛiti f. N. of wk.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > विश्वामित्र

См. также в других словарях:

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